魯迅〈摩羅詩力說〉對傳統詩學觀的改造及意義

面對晚清的腐敗落後和西方的進步文明，魯迅（1881-1936）反思中國傳統詩學與民族性的缺失，認為傳統詩學與民族性皆無法適應新時代，不利民族的生存。其早年在日本發表的詩學論文〈摩羅詩力說〉（1908），以西方近代的唯意志論和進化論為其詩學資源，建構強調意力和競爭的「摩羅詩學」，從詩的體、用兩方面著手，以「攖人之心」的方法改造中國崇尚中正平和、「持人情性」的傳統詩學觀，欲改變國人麻木消極的民族性，以適應時代的變遷。這不僅是詩學觀的改造，更是民族性的改造，是中國詩學的史無前例之舉。本文首先梳理中國傳統詩學的體用觀的形成、內涵及相互關係；繼而闡釋唯意志論和進化論如何成為魯迅的詩學資源並構成「摩羅詩學」的體用觀；根據以上的整理，再分析魯迅如何以「摩羅詩學」針對性地改造傳統詩學觀。最後，從文化歷史和詩學的角度，說明其背後的特殊意涵，並反思其帶出的詩學問題。

關鍵字

魯迅；〈摩羅詩力說〉；唯意志論；進化論

並列摘要

The sharp contrast between the corruption and backwardness of the late Qing Dynasty, and the advanced civilization of the western countries, made Lu Xun (1881-1936) reflect on the shortcomings of traditional Chinese poetics and nationality, neither of which he thought could adapt to the new era, or be conducive to national survival. In his early Poetics thesis, ＂On the Power of Mara Poetry＂（〈摩羅詩力說〉）, Lu Xun utilized Voluntarism and Evolutionism as his resources to Poetics, forming ＂Mara poetics＂（「摩羅詩學」） which aim at will and competition. From the aspects, ＂characteristic＂（「體」） and ＂function＂（「用」）, he renovated the traditional Chinese concept towards Poetics which upheld moderate and peace, and he targeted removing the numb negative nationality in order to adapt to the changing times. He not only transformed poctic concepts, but hc also renovated the concept of nationality; this was an unprecedented move. This article firstly refers to the formation, connotation and mutual relationships of ＂Characteristic-Function Concept＂（「體用觀」） of traditional Chinese poetics, and then illustrates how Voluntarism and Evolutionism became Lu Xun's poetic resources as well as constituted ＂Characteristic- Function Concept＂ of ＂Mara poetics＂. Based on the above description, the author analyzes how Lu Xun transformed traditional Chinese poetics by the ＂Mara poetics.＂ Finally, this is an explanation of the specific significance from different angles behind ＂Mara poetics＂, and a reflecton on the problems of poetic.