從“行政處分對民事法院的拘束效力”思考先決問題在訴訟審理程序之解決模式

Binding Effects of an Administrative Act on Civil Courts: Thinking Different Models to Adjudicate Prerequisites in a Civil Litigation

黃國益(Kuo-Yi Huang)

《中正大學法學集刊》 15期 (2004/04) Pp. 231-279

https://doi.org/10.30094/NCCULJ.200404.0004

摘要

行政機關所作成之行政處分，除拘束機關本身、相對人之外，是否拘束事後以該處分作為前提要件而涉訟之民事糾紛審理法院，民事法院得否自行認定作為先決問題之行政處分之存在、合法、生效，若從公法理論之實體觀點出發，行政處分具有構成要件效力，基於權力分立之憲法設計，行政作用亦有拘束司法機關之效力，且訴訟面觀察二元審判體系，亦應尊重專業審判之法制設計，並且避免裁判矛盾，民事法院應尊重行政機關作成之處分，並以之作為構成要件而受拘束。惟如從訴訟標的、當事人訴訟權避免遭到延滯之觀點出發，私權爭議之審判專屬於民事法院，民事法院得自行認定為解決私權紛爭或認定請求權基礎是否成立之一切事實，縱屬先決問題之行政處分，亦無拘束其後所涉訟之民事法院，民事法院仍得自行認定以免導致訴訟延滯。現行行政訴訟法第十二條第一項與第二項之規範內容，容有解釋空間，如何解釋，應同時考量行政處分實體理論如何落實於訴訟制度，兼及貫徹二元審判體系之專業立法考量，並調和不同國家機關行為之法秩序一體性，且避免人民訴訟權之行使遭遇不可期待之侵害等各種利益分析，乃解釋訴訟法典設計之指導原則。

關鍵字

先決問題 ； 行政處分之構成要件效力 ； 行政處分之公定力 ； 行政處分之拘束力 ； 審判權劃分 ； 公私法區別

並列摘要

Administrative acts made by administrative authorities have binding effects on parties in specific cases as well as the authorities themselves. In addition, do administrative acts have binding effects on civil courts that deal with prerequisites concerning the administrative acts in civil litigations? That is, can civil courts recognize and review the existence, legitimacy, and validity of the administrative acts by themselves? From the perspective of the essential theory in the administrative law, an administrative act has the effect of legal requirements. Based on the mechanism stemming from the separation of powers in the constitutional law, the judicial courts should pay attention to the decisions of the administrative authorities. When the current law intentionally dichotomizes national powers into administrative power and judicial power, the legal structure that is capable of differentiating powers and preventing adjudicative conflicts should be taken into account. Therefore, civil courts should respect administrative acts made by administrative authorities and take the administrative acts as legal requirements in litigations. However, if we observe that judicial courts have exclusive power over civil disputes and the split power may cause conflicts and delay litigations, civil courts should exercise their power to solve any civil disputes and prompt the litigations. Even though the prerequisites of the litigations are concerned with the administrative acts, the other authorities should not restrain civil courts. To break the deadlock between the administrative and judicial powers, there is still leeway for explanation of the current Paragraph 1 and 2 of Article 12 of the Administrative Procedural Act. When explaining the forgoing laws, we should consider the following factors as a guideline: (1) whether the essential theory in the administrative law comply with the civil procedural law; (2) whether the dichotomized legislation originating from separation of powers can be well respected; (3) whether the different interests among parties, administrative authorities and civil courts can be accommodated; (4) whether the legal structure as a whole can be well maintained; (5) whether people will suffer the unexpected outcome.

並列關鍵字

Prerequisity ； Binding Effects of an Administrative Act ； Distinction of Public Law and Private Law