偵訊自白的形成因素－以調查局調查官及受刑人爲例

The Process of Confession: Interrogators' and Prisoners' Viewpoints

劉至剛(Chih-Kang Liu)

《犯罪與刑事司法研究》 14期 (2010/03) Pp. 79-116

https://doi.org/10.29861/CCJI.201003.0004

摘要

國內討論「自白」，焦點大都在於其證據適格、證明力，鮮少從實證面向探討自白形成原因。鑒於上述背景因素，本文試圖從調查官與受刑人的觀點，探討那些詢問技巧、詢問人與受詢問人的個人特質、情境因素有助於「自白」形成。 本文依文獻資料，將形成自白的因素歸納爲詢問人、受詢問人及情境等三大因素。詢問人因素包括偵訊準備、詢問技巧、詢問人的判斷力、偵訊室的配置及詢問人的個人特性等五個部分；受詢問人因素包括記憶、認知、情緒等三個部分；情境因素則包含證據強弱、辯護律師的意見、法定刑度的長短、羈押及重要第三人等五個部分。其後，依據前揭因素設計問卷，對調查官(N=389)及受刑人(N=26)進行問卷調查，再以SPSS電腦軟體進行ｔ檢定、ANOVA及迴歸等統計分析。 研究結果顯示，取得受詢問人的信賴是形成自白的基礎，調查官重視詢問人的特性及詢問技巧，受刑人則較在乎個人感受，而且調查官、受刑人都不約而同地認爲，「犯罪不法利益愈多」、「關說」、「受詢問人的知名度愈高」等因素，都不利於自白的形成。本文建議實務工作上，應由專責人士負責詢問工作，並藉由角色扮演等課程強化在職訓練。

關鍵字

自白 ； 偵訊 ； 詢問人 ； 受詢問人

並列摘要

Normally, discussions about criminal suspects' confession evidence in Taiwan focusses on legal aspects, only rarely do they probe the process and reasons that underlie the confession from an operational point of view. Yet confessions are important to clarify details of the case and shorten the time of investigation. This paper analyzes, from the viewpoints of investigators and prisoners, what kind of interrogational techniques, personality variables and situational factors would help produce appropriate (reliable) confessions.
According to previous published research, three major factors are key: interrogator, suspect, and situation. Factors relating to the interrogator include: the preparation before investigations, interrogational techniques, judgment of the interrogators, disposition of the investigation rooms and personalities of the interrogators; as for the factors about the suspect, here memory, cognition, and emotion are included; situational factors involve strength of the evidence, opinions of defense counsel, length of the likely prison term, detainment, and the importance of a third party. A questionnaire was constructed, taking account of the above-mentioned factors. A sample of investigators (N=389) and prisoners (N=26) completed the questionnaire. Finally, information about the questionnaires was compiled and encoded; analyzed using t test, ANOVA, and regression analysis by SPSS. The study found that the basic approach is to seek to obtain the suspects' trust, with investigators stressing the personalities of interrogators and the interrogational techniques, with suspects caring more about personal feelings, and both sides agreed that factors such as illegal interests, illegal methods and any high celebrity status of the suspect are unfavorable to obtaining a reliable confession. Additionally, investigator's age, seniority, work area, and frequency of successful confessions and convict's age will influence their grades on the questionnaire. According regression analysis, investigator's age, and major in college and the factor of the interrogator are more influential to the success of obtaining a confession. In the light of these results, the paper suggests that the process of interrogation should be assigned to selected people, and role-playing via on-the-job training should be reinforced. As for further research, improvements to the questionnaire, increasing the sample size, analyzing video tapes of interrogations and distinguishing how different kinds of criminal react to interrogation would all be worthwhile.

並列關鍵字

confession ； interrogation ； interrogator ； prisoner