《說文解字》「省體會意字」初探－以大徐本為主的討論

A preliminary investigation into abbreviated composed ideogramsin the Shuowen Jiezi-a discussion using the Greater Xu Text as the main resource

何樹環(He Shu-huan)

《先秦兩漢學術》 3期 (2005/03) Pp. 93-114

https://doi.org/10.29443/TLXQHD.200503.0005

摘要

《說文解字》中「从某，从某」之會意字，在字形結構中尚有「从某省，从某省」、「从某省，从某」、「从某，某省」的析形方式，本文中暫時將這類會意之省的字稱為「省體會意字」。在相關的論著中多半將此類會意之省歸屬為「會意變例」，或僅舉《說文》之例加以說明，或僅個別地提出修正，尚未見有以此類文字為對象進行通盤性的整理，再者，相關的論著中亦多未留意大徐本中視為會意之省者，小徐本未必如此，且段注與大、小徐本復時有不同，凡此皆顯示《說文》中之「省體會意字」有待進行全面性的整理與研究。有鑑於此，本文取大徐本、小徐本、段注，三者互校，並採擇所見之相關論著，間下己意，對「省體會意字」進行全面性的整理。初步完成之工作凡二事：一、通行之《說文》中，其析形方式可歸為「省體會意字」者共79字，其說殆不可信者居四分之三強，尚有待論定者，於字表中之備註欄以空白表之。觀文中所整理的三個字表，於「省體會意字」之總體樣說、仍有待深入探究者，庶幾可一目了然。二、表(三)之「攸」、「叡」、「畏」三字，前人雖已視為非「省體會意字」，然其字形、字義尚猶可進一步申說。「攸」之早期字形當為表意字，其字形所欲表達之意當為「治」，「修」是在「攸」的基礎上加「彡」，以明「攸」之本義。「叡」當為「从目，□省聲」之形聲字。「畏」字早期字形所表示者，當為主動性的「威嚇」、「驅趕」之意，其「畏避」意當即由「驅趕」意引申而來。

關鍵字

《說文解字》 ； 會意字 ； 省體會意字

並列摘要

Keywor Composed ideograms in the Shuowen are analyzed as ＂coming from element X and element Y.＂ These analyses include explanations of abbreviations within characters of the forms: ＂coming from abbreviated element X and abbreviated element Y , ＂ ＂coming from abbreviated element X and element Y＂ and ＂coming from character X and omitted element Y.＂ In this paper, such characters are referred to as ＂abbreviated composed ideograms.＂ Most research into these characters has simply taken them as ＂deviant composed ideograms,＂ or cited examples from the Shuowen as explanation, or suggested specific corrections for individual characters. There has been no attempt to carry out a full investigation of these characters as a class. Moreover, the majority of these researchers have not taken into account those characters which the Greater Xu Text regards as abbreviations of composed ideograms, but which the Lesser Xu Text does not necessarily classify as such; nor have they explained the differences between Duan Yucai's annotations and the Xu texts. This lack shows that there is a need to carry out a thorough and comprehensive investigation into the class of ＂abbreviated composed ideograms＂ in the Shuowen. With this aim in mind, this paper compares the Greater and Lesser Xu Texts with Duan Yucai's annotations and what relevant research the author has seen, and suggests some new approaches to a comprehensive rearrangement of the Shuowen's ＂abbreviated composed ideograms.＂ There are two tasks completed in the first stage of the work: I) In the standard edition of the Shuowen there are a total of 79 characters of which the analysis is of the ＂abbreviated composed ideograms＂ form. The text states that at least three quarters of these analyses cannot be trusted and are still awaiting confirmation; the commentary columns attached to the character tables are empty. The arrangement of characters into three character tables, and the implied framing of the general characteristics of ＂abbreviated composed ideograms＂ has clearly not yet been the subject of close and penetrating study. 2) Even though earlier scholars have already noted that the characters 攸, 叡 and N: in table 3 are not ＂abbreviated composed ideograms,＂ there is more to be said about both the form and meaning of these characters. The earliest form of 攸 was an ideogram whose form was supposed to represent ＂governance.＂ The character 修 is seen as an addition of three left-falling strokes 彡 to 攸, which clarifies the basic meaning of 攸. 叡 is analyzed as being a phono-semantic compound character composed of a 目 and an abbreviated phonetic element. The earliest form of the character 畏 is given to express an active form of intimidation or persecution, and its meaning of ＂flinch＂ is taken to be an extension of its meaning ＂to persecute.＂ds :

並列關鍵字

Shuowen Jiezi (Explaining simple and analyzing complex characters)