兩漢封禪轉變及其意義

「封禪」自魏晉以降，多為後人所詬，率以為非聖王之制，乃方士誣神與陋儒導諛所虛造。唯籀諸載籍，漢人未嘗如此視之，反而鄭重其事，引合經藝以讚成其事。且兩漢之論封禪者又非小儒鲰生，即淹博之賈誼、儒者宗之董生，亦無不嚴肅以待。苟漢儒非盡庸妄愚固，則此中當有可說者，作〈封禪為漢儒共信〉第一。爬疏資料可知：兩漢言封禪者眾，大要可分為二：有方士之封禪、有儒生之封禪，作〈兩種封禪〉第二。儒生方士言封禪也同，然其精神指趣則異若白黑，作〈儒生與方士〉第三。漢武光武俱行封禪，然因所采之論異，故二君之封禪大異其趣，作〈二武帝封禪〉第四。光武封禪之所以不行元封舊儀，折節洙泗矩範者，在於孝武惑於方士，蠹財病時以成此一封，鑒此前車，故漢人敷暢先儒之精義，匡正俗謬，導之於正，為〈封禪於兩漢之轉化衍變〉第五。

關鍵字

封禪；漢儒；方士；受命；太平；登仙；災祥；革命；漢承秦制

並列摘要

Since Six Dynasties, the ritual of feng-shen (The Worshipping Ritual of Heaven and Earth) had been criticized for losing its decency since the ceremony was no longer conducted by a legitimated king but shaman and fang-shi (masters of esoterica) who hardly known the descent way to conduct the ritual. Though recorded in books, people in Han Dynasty did not dwell upon the negative comments on the ceremony but took it seriously, combining classical knowledge and art crafts to perform the ceremony. During the two Han dynasties, those who researched on the feng shan ritual were not just some mediocre scholars but the great masters such as Jia Yi and Dong Shen who treated the ritual seriously. Thus Han Confucian scholars were not all mediocre and stubborn scholars, still there were some worth discussion, especially those involved in promoting ＂Feng-Shan as the common believe for Han scholars＂. First of all, the related documentation revealed that many had claimed that there were two major Feng-Shan ceremonies during two Han dynasties. One was the fang-shi's feng-shan (The worshipping ritual of Heaven and Earth for masters of esoterica), another was the scholar's feng-shan. Therefore, known as two feng-shan ceremonies. Secondly, though both scholars and master of esoterican both claimed feng-shan 儒 ceremonies, they differ in polar opposites in their spirits and faiths, thus known as ＂scholars and masters of esoterica.＂ Thirdly, though Emperor Wu of Han and Emperor Guangwu of Han both practiced Feng-Shan, yet they adopted different discourses and their practices were very different, thus known as ＂the Feng-Shan of two Emperor 'Wu'＂. Fourthly, the reason Emperor Guangwu of Han would not practice the original rituals and would rather change the rituals that were previous set by Confucian scholars was because the Emperor Wu of Han was bewildered by masters of esoterica and consumed his wealth and health to practice the ceremony. Finally, learning this lesson from his predecessor, Fu Chang of Han corrected the false and the wrong with Confucian predecessor scholars' discourses, thus known as ＂the transaction and transformation of Feng-Shan between two Han dyanasties＂.

並列關鍵字

feng-shan ； Han Confucian scholar ； fang shi (master of esoterica) ； accepting god's will ； pacific ； ascending celestial being ； auspicious omen ； revolution ； Han Dynasty succeeding Chin's system

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兩漢封禪轉變及其意義

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