台灣的「現代性」、「鄉土文化」：與日本「近代的超克」思想的對應

Taiwanese Modernity and Its Culture of "Native Place" Coping with the Thoughts of Japanese "Overcoming Modernity"

張修慎(Hsiu-Shen chang)

《人文集刊》 7期 (2008/12) Pp. 117-152

https://doi.org/10.29470/JH.200812.0005

摘要

「鄉土」解釋為「地方」或「本土」意識，應該是不難理解的，對於殖民地的台灣人而言，「鄉土」應該也同時具備「台灣」的意識。但是，對應台灣「鄉土」所呈現台灣的「現代性」，兩者到底是如何的關係？日本的中國研究者，竹內好在其著作中，對於東亞「現代性」的意義，提出了以下的論述。「透過抵抗，東洋讓自己現代化了。抵抗的歷史就是現代化的歷史，沒有進行抵抗也就沒有現代化。」換言之，「現代性」原先並不屬於東亞，台灣在認識「現代性」的時候，已經成為日本的殖民地。因此，把台灣對「現代化」的認識，認定是透過殖民化所延生的結果，應該不為過吧！戰前台灣知識份子思想史研究中，「鄉土」（台灣性）思想的形成與消長，就是對應台灣「現代性」進展的歷史。隨著明治、大正時期的模仿西方文化，日本社會到了1930年代，也開始有明顯的改變，所謂昭和時代的來臨；可以說1920年代到1930年代的日本，是獨特「民族主義」生成的年代。「近代的超克」的思想，屬於日本精神史的課題。戰爭時期以京都學派與日本浪漫派的知識份子，同時出席了一場，當時被認為是惡名昭彰的會議，「近代的超克」即是當時的主題。會議中日本知識份子強烈質疑，在明治維新西洋化的過程，造成普遍日本傳統的流失的現象。從當時會議所指出「超越西方、回歸傳統」的議題中，我們對照台灣文學中所顯現的「鄉土性」，讓人訝異的是其思想的一貫性。1937年開始，台灣在「皇民化運動」實施的階段，為何反覆出現「鄉土性」（地方）的議題？本論文連貫從1930年代開始的「日本文化的回歸」，到1940年代「超越現代」文化思潮轉換的過程，尤其在戰爭時期「皇民化運動」進行的當時，台灣為何反覆出現「鄉土」的議題？試著從中分析台灣文化中的「鄉土」意識，與同時代日本「近代的超克」思想的對應關係。

關鍵字

「近代的超克」 ； 現代性 ； 鄉土化 ； 台灣知識份子 ； 戰爭時期

並列摘要

It's comprehensible to realize that the term ”Native Place” may be explained as the concept of ”Local” or ”Native”. For the Taiwanese under the Japanese colonial control, the ”Native Place” also consisted of the consciousness of ”Taiwan”. However, what is the connection between the Taiwanese ”Modernity” in contrast with Taiwanese ”Native Place”?Yoshimi Takeuchi, one of the foremost thinkers in postwar Japan expressed the meaning of East Asian ”Modernity” in his essay. ”Through resistance the East Asian countries modernized themselves. The history of resistance is the history of modernization. There is no modernization without resistance”. In other words, the ”modernity” does not belong to East Asia. Taiwan was a Japanese colony at the time when Taiwanese was recognizing the ”modernity”. Therefore, contemplating from the fact, it is rational to conclude that the cognizance of ”modernity” by the Taiwanese was the consequence of colonization. The research on the history of prewar Taiwanese intellectuals showed that the formation, prosperity and decay of the thoughts of Taiwanese ”Native Place” were juxtaposed with the history of progress in Taiwanese ”Modernity”.As the Westernization on Meiji and Taisho era evolved, the Japanese society had changed greatly by 1930s during the Showa era. From 1920 to 1930 was the era of formation of the unique ”Nationalism” in Japan. The thoughts of ”Overcoming Modernity” is a subject bound in Japanese spiritual history. The notorious debate on ”Overcoming Modernity” was held in wartime Japan by intellectuals of Kyoto school and Romanticism. They feared the loss of Japanese cultural tradition and identity by the Westernization movement which began at Meiji Restoration. In contrast with the theme of debating on ”overcoming the West, the restoration of Japanese tradition” and the thoughts of ”Native Place” as have been demonstrated in Taiwanese literature, it is rather amazing to conceptualize their consistency.There has been a constant presence of subject of ”Native place” (Local) since the implement of ”Kominka Movement” in 1937. This paper examines the continuity of the trend of ”Returning to Japanese Culture” in 1930 and the transformation of cultural thoughts of ”Overcoming Modernity” in 1940, and analyzes the consciousness of ”Native Place” in Taiwanese culture in contrast with the thoughts of ”Overcoming Modernity” by the Japanese at the same period.

並列關鍵字

"Overcoming Modernity" ； Modernity ； Native place ； Taiwanese intellectuals ； Wartime