廣大和諧的中華文化：方東美先生論王學的機體主義

對於方東美先生作為民國新儒家，這幾年已經有人開始質疑。然而，方先生作為新儒家，其特徵並不在於固著既有的儒家思想，而在其氾濫各種中西思想，凝鑄出廣大和諧(comprehensive harmony)的新系統，這背後是其作為儒者（同時是學者）對承擔中華文化繼往開來的使命。方東美先生把這種凝鑄各家的思想機制稱作「機體主義」。王陽明的心學，在方先生的詮釋裡，正就是機體主義的呈現。機體主義通觀承認不只一種哲學，而是多重多面哲學的觀點或看法，兼容並包，並處處拿價值做中心樞紐，這使得方東美先生從不認為接受儒家的中心論旨，就得要排除其他各家（如道家或佛家），他篤信機體主義有一個重大價值，那就是其能結合這些種種相映對照的殊異觀點或看法，使其既能獨彰異彩，又無損其個別特色。本文除指出方東美先生的家學首開自心學外，還要冀圖論證方東美先生的哲學正就是「拿王學做基調的繼續發展」，透過闡釋方先生對西洋哲學與文化的批評，尤其是其善於把精神與物質截然兩斷，致使任何現象都被支解出對立的二元來彼此鬥爭，來反照出方東美先生認知的廣大和諧的中華文化對人類的可貴，而王陽明兼容釋道的本體論，既是這廣大和諧的中華文化的顛峰呈現，更與方東美先生的哲學完全投契。這裡細緻檢視方東美先生對王學的評價，因此文內有對心學與理學在方先生的概念裡的歧異做出釐清，並對他認為陽明親於神秀而遠於慧能做出評論，我們宜認識到陽明先生在「漸悟」與「頓悟」有雙重路徑的把握，纔能瞭解到心學的機體主義究竟如何在完整運作。方東美先生由機體主義的角度來闡發王學，更能看出他自己的思想如何拿王學做基調而獲得繼續發展。

關鍵字

方東美；王陽明；心學；機體主義；儒家；中華文化

並列摘要

As the Neo-Confucianists of China, already someone has begun to query Fang Dong-mei's thought during these years. They denied Mr. Fang is a Neo-Confucianists. However, Mr. Fang, as a philosopher of the Neo-Confucian School, his characteristic did not lie in classical Confucianism. He integrated Chinese thought and Western philosophy, and produced a new harmonious system. His mission was to create a new Chinese Culture which links the past to the future. Mr. Fang called the ideal framework 'Organism'. He pointed out that Wang Yang-ming's Nouslogy was the acme of Organism at his time. The organism doctrine takes an overall view of, acknowledges not only a form of philosophy, but a polyhedron of philosophy. Mr. Fang believed that the Organism has a special value to connect with Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Wang Yang-ming's Nouslogy can spread out the feature and became a fresh Confucianism. This text wanted to point out Fang Dong-mei's philosophy is to inherit Wang Yang-ming's Nouslogy and to develop its idea. To reach the goal, it has discussed Mr. Fang's comment particularly about Wang Yang-ming's Nouslogy, especially to pass the criticism of Western philosophy and culture. In conclusion, Mr. Fang wanted to use the idea to show that Chinese Culture is harmonious and valuable to mankind.