兩漢博士師法、家法探析

兩漢博士學官有著所謂師法、家法的傳承系統，當代學者多認為此乃漢代經學最大的特色，但也是限制經學發展的規範。此文透過對《漢書》及《後漢書》中關於師法、家法傳承的各項記載，發現師法及家法本質上是很相近的概念，都是一家之學的內化規範，只是在語意的使用上有所差別。另外亦針對師法、家法在漢代對經學發展的限制作出分析，發現師法及家法對漢代經學的束縛程度並不如皮錫瑞等人所認為的那麼重要，大概師法、家法分別在西漢及東漢各表現出一次由講究到鬆綁的發展階段，並沒有所謂「西漢重師法，東漢重家法」的情形。而影響師法、家法流變的原因可概括為博土學官的廣設、弟子員的增加、書籍的殘缺到完備以及利祿之途的引誘及改變等四項因素。總之，師法、家法的傳承規範本是博士學官內在的要求，但受到諸多因素的干涉，並沒有太大的限制性。

關鍵字

經學；博士；師法；家法

並列摘要

Doctor Officers in Han Dynasties has the pass down system of Shi Fa (the tradition and norm of a academic sect) and Jia Fa (one's own academic sect with its own features). Most of the contemporary scholars believe it is the key feature of the Han scripture, however, it also limits the development of the Han scripture. According to various records in Han Shu and Post-Han Shu that related to Shi Fa and Jia Fa), this article discovers that the nature of Shi Fa and Jia Fa has similar concepts, they all stand for the internal norm of a sect, the only different is way of adopting according to their verbal meanings. This article also analyzes the limitations of Shi Fa and Jia Fa to the development of scripture in Han Dynasties, and discovers that limitations of Shi Fa and Jia Fa to the Han scripture are not as important as those people such as Pi Tin Rui believe. Shi Fa and Jia Fa has experienced the development stage from fastidious about to do not care once in West Han and East Han respectively, and do not have the situation that ”West Han emphasis on Shi Fa while East Han focuses Jia Fa.” The reasons that influence the changes of Shi Fa and Jia Fa may concluded in four reasons, including the widespread establishment of Bo Shi Xue Guan, the increase of students, from shortage to completion of the books, the changes and seduction of the way to access wealth and position. Generally speaking, passing down of norm of Shi Fa and Jia Fa is the internal requirements of Bo Shi Xue Guan, though it is interrupt by numerous issues, there are not many limitations.