丸山真男與福澤諭吉思想中的「獨立自尊」與「他者感覺」

＂Independence and Self-Respect＂ and ＂Other-Consciousness＂ in the Thoughts of Masao Maruyama and Yukichi Fukuzawa

區建英(Jian-Ying OU)

《臺灣東亞文明研究學刊》 13卷1期 (2016/06) Pp. 107-146

https://doi.org/10.6163/tjeas.2016.13(1)107

摘要

二十世紀中葉日本發動全面侵華戰爭時，丸山真男是知識分子中的少數抵抗者。他在極其孤獨的狀況下，繼承了福澤諭吉的「獨立自尊」思想，視之為日本國民精神革命的重大課題，那時他還沒意識到「他者感覺」的問題。戰後，丸山對法西斯做了全面的歷史回顧，分析了日本社會的精神結構與德國二戰時期的國民意識之後，發現缺乏「他者感覺」正是產生法西斯的土壤。隨著對現代大眾社會研究的深化，丸山認識到要樹立「獨立自尊」精神，也不能缺少「他者感覺」，於是從福澤思想中重新找到了「獨立自尊」與「他者感覺」緊密相關的思想源流。這個思想傳承的過程迂迴曲折，既反映出丸山與福澤二人跨時代的思想互動，也反映了西歐思想與東亞思想的互動。

關鍵字

獨立自尊 ； 他者感覺 ； 丸山真男 ； 福澤諭吉 ； 西洋 ； 儒學 ； 知性的機能

並列摘要

When Japan launched its full-scale invasion of China in the mid-20th Century, Masao Maruyama, one of the few intellectual resisters under the extremely isolated situation, promoted the idea of ＂Independence and Self- Respect＂ of Yukichi Fukuzawa, assuming its significance for the spirit revolution of the Japanese citizens. However, he remained unaware of the importance of ＂Other-Consciousness＂ at the time. After World War II, Maruyama performed a full-scale historic examination of Fascism, and analyzed the psychological structure of the Japanese society as well as the consciousness of German citizens in the World War II period. As a result, he recognized that if people lacked ＂Other-Consciousness,＂ Fascism could occur. In addition, when Maruyama later deepened his study of the modern mass society, he also noticed that ＂Other- Consciousness＂ is indispensable for establishing the spirit of ＂independence and self-respect＂ as well. By this time, he newly found the origin of the concept of correlation between ＂Independence and Self-Respect＂ and ＂Other- Consciousness＂ in Fukuzawa's thought. This winding continuum reflects the interaction between the thought of Maruyama and Fukuzawa who lived in different times, and that between Western thought and East Asian thought.

並列關鍵字

Independence and Self-respect ； Other-Consciousness ； Masao Maruyama ； Yukichi Fukuzawa ； The West ； Confucianism ； Intellectual Feature

參考文獻

丸山眞男(1952)。日本政治思想史研究。東京=Tokyo:東京大學出版=University of Tokyo Press。

丸山眞男(1961)。日本の思想。東京=Tokyo:岩波書店=Iwanami shoten。

丸山眞男(1964)。現代政治の思想と行動。東京=Tokyo:未?社=Miraisha Press。

丸山眞男(1996)。丸山眞男集。東京=Tokyo:岩波書店=Iwanami shoten。

丸山眞男(1996)。丸山眞男集。東京=Tokyo:岩波書店=Iwanami shoten。