- 期刊
東亞民眾政治體制偏好的研究取向：虛像與實像的初步分析
The Research Orientations of East Asian Studies on People's Political Regime Preference: A Nascent Analysis from Perspectives of Illusion and Reality
摘要
東亞民眾對政治體制的真正偏好為何？依學術研究趨勢可分為「民主體制偏好」與「隱藏性體制偏好」兩個取向。「民主體制偏好」在調查方法上的主要特徵是以帶有「民主」用詞方式進行提問，然後根據受試者回應資料進行研究。本文依該研究取向所列之民主認知、民主制度、民主行為評估指標分別進行檢視，結果顯示：六成六的東亞民眾偏好民主體制。但由於東亞民眾能正確回答簡單體制問題者僅占9%，體制理解能力貧乏者高達91%，顯示受試者回應多屬虛像；相對的，「隱藏性體制偏好」取向則改採不帶「民主」用詞的提問測量受試者的現存體制偏好，結果顯示：東亞民眾的體制偏好呈現民主體制、混合體制、威權體制三分天下之局面。惟混合體制與威權體制民眾的現存體制支持度均高於七成，但民主體制民眾的現存體制支持度僅有四成。本文認為，依「隱藏性體制偏好」取向進行之調查較接近實像，因為此方法無關受試者的體制辨識能力，他們僅憑親身經驗即可據實回應。因此在學術上，體制偏好研究應聚焦於現存體制，或民主體制偏好研究取向者應力求方法變革，而加強民眾體制辨識能力研究也刻不容緩；在實務上，無論採行何種體制皆應重視治理績效，蓋任何體制的正當性最終要仰賴良善治理。
並列摘要
What is the favorite political regime of East Asians? There are two basic research orientations revealed in academic community of this field in terms of research method: for this paper's research purpose, one is called ＂democratic regime preference orientation＂ and the other is called ＂concealed regime preference orientation.＂ The fundamental data, on which the former orientation scholars rely, are derived from the answers of those respondents who are asked with D-word statements. Those data, however, are illusory because the respondents are poorly informed about political regime identification. And thus, the literature based on unreliable data is meaningless in nature, even though the result of empirical assessment by those data showed that 66 percent of East Asians prefer democratic regime when we assess them from indicators of cognitive, institutional and behavioral level respectively. By contrast, the data that ＂concealed regime preference orientation＂ scholars collect are derived from the answers of those respondents who are asked by statements without D-word. Because the questions are focused on extant regime in which respondents live, the answers respondents made are based on their clear and concrete experiences, so they are meaningful in nature. Under these circumstances, the respondents need not have any capacity of regime identification. And then, the literature based on the realistic data is relatively reliable. Accordingly, this paper finds that, the regime preference of East Asians is tripartite: some people favor democratic regime, some support hybrid regime, and some others prefer authoritarian regime. Significantly, the ratio that people support hybrid and authoritarian regime is higher than seventy percent, but that of those who favor democratic regime is about forty percent. In other words, each hybrid and authoritarian regime in East Asia has been consolidated, but countries adopt democratic regime in the region are assessed as ＂fragile democracies.＂ Finally, this paper makes suggestions in two ways: academically, scholars should focus on extant regime studies when they try to delve into East Asians' preference of political regime, because they are meaningful; scholars of ＂democratic regime preference orientation＂ should make some reforms about research methods; and scholars in this field must embark on studying issues about people's capability of regime identification. Practically, leaders in the real world should make efforts to accelerate the quality of governance whatever political regime they favor. For the legitimacy of any given regime is eventually evaluated by people in terms of the good governance.
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