【專題討論】有效利他主義：21世紀倫理學

Effective Altruism: Ethics for the 21st Century

張瓈文(Peter Singer)

《玄奘佛學研究》 28期 (2017/09) Pp. 1-17

摘要

有效利他主義（Effective Altruism）於21 世紀初萌芽，目前已經形成一種新趨勢。對有效利他主義者而言，一個很重要的目標就是改善這個世界，而且做到愈有效率愈好。這意味著：他們會透過理性分析，衡量狀況，確保手中的資源能夠發揮最大的效益，以達到利他、改善世界的目的。如此一來便衍生了許多相關問題。例如，隱含在「改善世界」這一理念背後的價值判斷是什麼？我們如何衡量何者在改善世界上能達到最大的效益？本文將討論上述問題，並探討啟發人成為有效利他主義者之動機。

關鍵字

有效利他主義 ； 效益主義 ； 極大化 ； 理性

並列摘要

Effective altruism is a new movement, born in the 21st Century. For effective altruists, an important goal is to make the world a better place. They want to do so as effectively as possible. That means that they will reason and analyze the situation to ensure that whatever resources they have for this purpose will be used as effectively as possible. This raises many questions, about the values that are implicit in the idea of ＂improving the world＂ and about how we measure what does the most to improve the world. I will discuss these questions and the motivation that leads people to become effective altruists.

並列關鍵字

Effective altruism ； Utilitarianism ； maximize ； rationality

參考文獻

Keshen, Richard(1995).Reasonable Self-Esteem.McGill-Queen's University Press.

Sidgwick, Henry. The Methods of Ethics, 7th edition, London: Macmillan and Company, 1907.

“Effective Altruism.” Wikipedia. Web. 23 Mar., 2016. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism

Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors. Finding Your Focus in Philanthropy. p.3. http://roadmap.rockpa.org/finding-your-focus-in-philanthropy/

80,000 Hours. https://80000hours.org/