法念處對象之比較研究－以初期佛教教法為中心

四念處是初期佛教重要修行法門，為三十七道品之首，是初期佛教研究的重點。有關經論對法念處對象的論述存在很大差異，學界的研究尚不充分。因此，本文特別整理了南傳尼柯耶中《中部．念處經》、《長部．大念處經》，北傳的《中阿含經．念處經》、《增壹阿含經．壹入道品》，南傳論書《分別論》、《藏釋》，北傳阿毘達摩論書《法蘊足論》、《舍利弗阿毘曇論》、《集異門足論》、《品類足論》等文獻中關於法念處對象的論述。按其論述之異同歸類、列舉經證，比較其不同，說明各種主張的義理特徵及實踐意義，並在列舉事實的基礎上，提出了一些可能的推論與思考。本文的學術貢獻為：（1）通過查考南北傳經論，列舉說明了它們對法念處對象的不同論述、特徵與意義。（2）根據存在的現象，得到與目前學術定論不同的可能推論。（3）作出新思考，為深入研究提出了新問題。對法念處對象的比較研究，有助於初期佛教發展樣態的認識，也有助於構建四念處禪法的解脫實踐。

關鍵字

四念處；法念處對象；初期佛教；修行實踐；部派佛教

並列摘要

Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā is an important practice method in early Buddhism, which is the first of the thirty-seven bodhipakkhikā dhammā. So far, the academia has done a more comprehensive study on it. In this paper, after examining the early Buddhist classics and southern and northern Abhidhamma, we find that there are great differences in the discussion of the dhamma satipaṭṭhāna objects, but there is no detailed discussion on this. In view of this, this paper specially collates the discussion on the dhamma satipaṭṭhāna objects in the original documents, such as Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta, Peṭakopadesa, Dharmaskandha, Śāriputrābhidharma, Sangitiparyaya, Pakaraṇa, etc. According to the similarities and differences of their discourses, this paper classifies, enumerates and compares their differences, explains the theoretical features of various propositions and their practical significance, and on this basis, puts forward some possible inferences and reflections. The academic contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) by comparing the different dhamma satipaṭṭhāna objects in the original literature, we can understand the differences between sutra and Abhidramma, as well as the theoretical kinship between the northern and southern Abhidarmma. (2) According to the existing phenomenon, some possible inferences contrary to the current academic conclusion are obtained. (3) It puts forward new thinking and new problems for the study of Buddhism. A comparative study on the dhamma satipaṭṭhāna objects will be helpful to the understanding of the development of Buddhism in the early stage and to the reconstruction of the cattāro satipaṭṭhāna liberation practice.