日治時期的社會氛圍與《儒門科範》之編輯

《儒門科範》可謂臺灣首部鸞堂經懺科範，為楊明機扶鸞和編輯，其成書乃旨在推展「儒宗神教法門」。其實，儒宗神教稱謂的擬定，即彰顯愈以「儒」之意象，統一臺灣各地域、各系統鸞堂之企圖。此與日治中葉以降，臺灣舊慣信仰受政治社會氛圍之影響，總督府通指臺民宗教素質低落、舊慣迷信，欲加以改革，使其成為文明宗教。楊明機明確地意識到這番動態，故而推動儒宗神教，期望藉由整合統一，以扭轉日人視鸞堂為反動信仰之刻板印象。然而，楊明機選擇經懺、科範體裁，來推廣儒宗神教。此舉，有別鸞堂均以勸善類型之鸞書，以傳佈宗教論述、信仰義理，多少是受到楊福來的刺激。因楊福來早於楊明機任鸞手，且受其鸞務協助之堂，初估全臺至少40餘堂，且均禮聘其主懺或指導科儀。由此，經懺活動得以實質影響鸞堂之動向，故楊明機冀望短期內能有利推動儒宗神教，遂採此途徑。考察《儒門科範》內容，醮謝科即道門科範，喪葬科則是龍華科儀，可發現其受地方社會慣習的經懺型態影響甚深，即臺灣北部「吉事囑道，齋事託佛」之舊慣思維。臺灣清代諸方志均載，臺民甚重經懺，神誕設醮，喪葬開冥路，斑斑可稽，足見經懺活動對臺人生活有舉足輕重位階。道士、僧眾、香花、齋友均是臺灣重要的經懺專家，然正規叢林僧眾自清代罕見，道士和香花因有職業取向，授徒採秘傳原則，故鸞堂無法從其學習，以及獲取儀本，相對而言，齋教龍華、金幢、先天三派開放性甚高，皈依即為齋友，便可學習經懺，此亦《儒門科範》何以完整輯錄龍華科儀之原因。此外，另一重要因素，則是同時期齋教興起結盟運動，龍華派居優勢，對整體齋教走向有決定性關鍵，亦有統一法式意向，坊間又有販售名為《大乘齋門科儀經》，實為《龍華科儀》易名，足見龍華經懺之影響甚廣。因此，《儒門科範》之編輯，透露著鸞生的競爭心理，地方社會之作用，社會氛圍之牽引，以及齋教結盟的影響，以成鸞堂首部經懺科範之生。

關鍵字

《儒門科範》；楊明機；楊福來；地方經懺慣習；鸞堂經懺

並列摘要

Confucianism Criterion, it can be said that it is Taiwan's first Phoenix Hall scriptures, and it was spiritual writing and edited by Yang Mingji. The book was written to promote ＂the Confucian spiritual teaching method＂. In fact, the formulation of the title of Confucianism is a manifestation of the attempt to unify Taiwan's various regions and systems of Phoenix Hall with the imagery of Confucianism. This is related to the influence of the political and social atmosphere on the old customary beliefs in Taiwan since the middle of the Japanese rule. The Governor's Office pointed out the low religious quality and superstition of the Taiwanese people and wanted to reform them to make them a civilized religion. Yang Mingji was clearly aware of these dynamics, so he promoted Confucianism, hoping to reverse the stereotype of Phoenix Hall as a reactionary faith through integration and unification. However, Yang Mingji chose confession and specification genres to promote Confucianism. This move, there are other Phoenix Hall are to exhort the type of Phoenix Hall, to spread religious discourse, the doctrine of faith, more or less stimulated by Yang Fulai. Because Yang Fulai was appointed to be the executor of spiritual writing earlier than Yang Mingji, and was assisted by his spiritual writing, it was initially estimated that there were at least 40 halls in Taiwan, and all of them were hired to be the main confessor or to guide the ritual. As a result, the repentance activities can substantially affect the trend of Phoenix Hall, so Yang Mingji hoped that it would be beneficial to promote Confucianism in the short term, so he adopted this approach. Investigating the content of Confucianism Criterion, Jiao Xie branch is the branch of Taoism, the funeral branch is Longhua. It can be seen that it was deeply influenced by the confessional style of the local society. This is the old customary thinking in northern Taiwan of ＂ Auspicious things instruct the Taoism, fast things to Buddha＂. All local chronicles in Taiwan's Qing Dynasty all manifest that Taiwanese people attach great importance to confessions. God's birth rituals are set up, and funerals are opened to the dead, all clearly recorded, which shows that the activities of scripture repentance play a pivotal role in the lives of Taiwanese people. Taoist priests, monks, Buddhism and fasting religious are all important experts in confessions in Taiwan. However, regular jungle monks are rare since the Qing Dynasty. Taoists and Buddhism have a professional orientation and teach their disciples the principles of esoteric traditions. So Phoenix Hall could not learn from it and obtain the ceremonies. In contrast, the three factions : Buddhism Longhua, Jintong and Xiantiandao, are very open, convert and become fasting religious, and start to learn confession. This is also the reason why Confucianism Criterion completely recorded Longhua's fasting ceremony. In addition, another important factor was the emergence of the fasting alliance movement during the same period, in which the Longhua faction had the advantage. It has a decisive key to the overall trend of fasting, and also has the intention of unifying the religious norms. There is also a sale called Mahayana Fasting Criterion, which is actually renamed Longhua Criterion. It shows that the influence of the Longhua confession is widespread. Therefore, the editing of Confucianism Criterion reveals the competitive mentality of religious of spiritual writing, the role of local society, the traction of social atmosphere, and the influence of the fast alliance, in order to become the birth of the first confession criterion of Phoenix Hall.