明清商業網絡的活化研究

A Study of the Revitalization of the Ming-Ching Dynasty Business Networks

陳麗貞(Lee-Chen Chen)

《人文及管理學報》 6期 (2009/11) Pp. 1-41

https://doi.org/10.6177/lam.2009.06.11

摘要

中國的商業起源甚早，到了宋朝達到巔峰，但在封閉體系下的活動網絡建構過程中，多少帶來一些緊張與衝突的關係。明清時代商幫運用組織群體的力量從事射利競爭，故其活動的網絡無遠弗屆，商品交換的範圍更廣，何以仍有一些商幫最終消失在市場裡？其存活率偏低的理由為何呢？由本文採平衡法為主軸之綜合分析顯示，明清時代區內的整合條件特色，形成其跨區外適應力強弱有別，明清初期進入市場的商幫，以「氏族控制」最強「路途控制」次之，而以「市場控制」為弱勢適應力；在面臨轉型的過程中，主要出現了一些市場控制的問題：1.明清時期外在環境的「功利與重商」影響到個人的內在價值，2.明清中期商業網絡由第二型轉第三型的產銷人才銜接問題，3.跨區發展的外部環境多重干擾下，更不利於既有「市場控制」的處理。本文藉由明清商業的跨外活動，探討跨外開放下變革因子暨提升產業長存活之策，希望透過本文的明清氏族網絡的長活化架構建立，與成因的探討，使民國以來轉型中的臺灣企業，主動重構產銷協調的平衡關係與活化網絡，以適應當今劇變的區域環境，維持組織群體之長速發展。

關鍵字

活化分析 ； 內外部搭建 ； 明清網絡 ； 僱傭倫理

並列摘要

In Sung Dynasty, the prosperity of commodity economy displayed good records by its high productivity and producer's surplus. After that, it made rapid progress on the manual labor-focused industry, especially for its business networks and their employment system. The change generally proceeds from internal networks to external or open network system. First, balanced network patterns had shifted away from traditional division. The early Ming-Ching economy had increasingly become clan control and induced the high hazard rate. The unusually large proportion of the increase in this net-system had been concentrated on the different payments of interregional transportation. Lastly, spurred by rising market-opening, the longrun trend for the Dynasty's industry showed that the three factors of market control had positively affected or embedded in the trans-organization, not only through the unbalanced mechanism but also in a variety of inefficient inter-group coordinating ways.

並列關鍵字

Revitalization ； boundary-spanning ； Ming-Ching networks ； employment ethics