花東縱谷北段重光遺址發掘報告

A Report on the Excavation at the Chungkuang Site in the Northern Section of the East Rift Valley

郭素秋(Su-chiu Kuo)

《南島研究學報》 6卷2期 (2017/06) Pp. 91-189

https://doi.org/10.29884/JAS.201706_6(2).0003

摘要

花東縱谷北段玉礦的存在，在距今五千多年前或更早，即為史前人類所認知並愛用，持續使用至距今約一千多年。從日治中期以來，平林遺址一直被視為唯一的大型玉器製造遺址；直至2012年為止，在花東縱谷北段僅確認了平林和重光遺址兩處製玉工坊遺址，且此區尚未找到屬於新石器時代晚期（3,200〜2,600B.P.）的製玉工坊遺址，但在臺灣同時期的其他遺址卻廣泛地發現大量的玉器和玉飾品，意味著此區的考古工作有其缺環。2014年筆者在玉礦產區北側的重光遺址之發掘成果，除了出土新石器時代中期的大坑文化遺留外，首次確認重光遺址上層存在有距今約三千年前後的花岡山文化層，補足了長年以來在縱谷北段新石器時代晚期的空白環節，使得本區自新石器時代中期至晚期的製玉工藝傳統，得以找到失去的環節，並進一步的釐清各自的內涵與先後的關聯。根據2014年發掘在重光遺址下層、上層的理解，發現閃玉大部分被用來做為斧鋤形器、錛鑿形器、矛鏃形器等實用性工具之主要石材之一，雖然亦有被用來做為管珠等裝飾品之情形；且玉器製作過程中的廢片、半成品等，常與片岩等石材的製作過程中的產物伴出，同樣的情形亦見於平林遺址歷年來的理解和豐坪村遺址。就玉礦產區的史前人們而言，閃玉和片岩等相同，均為製作石器等的主要來源，並未呈顯出特別的宗教意義。而從閃玉原石多被切鋸成扁平方形的玉材對外輸出的情形看來，閃玉除了是當地易取得且常使用的石材之一外，亦具有對外輸出的經濟利益。另外，根據在重光遺址、平林遺址出土大量的玉材看來，常可見帶有直線切鋸痕的數十公分甚或直徑達1公尺以上的大型玉材，這些玉材並非河川滾磨過的玉礫；加上花蓮玉礦產地的平林遺址、重光遺址兩玉器作坊，均位於較高的山麓階面上，與河床與一定高度的落差，特別是從目前出土的大量玉器看來，顯然史前人類對玉材的解理、材質有相當清楚的理解和很高的要求，從這些現象看來，這些大型玉材極可能為史前人類到平林或重光遺址後方稍高的玉礦產地去開採而來，因為透過開採，可以選擇適用的玉材將其敲鑿下來並搬回遺址，而非僅是消極地到河川去撿拾玉礫來製作玉器。若此，掌控資源的重點，極可能是玉礦的開採權，而非河川的撿拾玉礫權。

關鍵字

玉礦產區 ； 製玉工藝 ； 切鋸扁平玉材 ； 大坑文化 ； 花岡山文化

並列摘要

In addition to unearthing the remains of the Takeng Culture of the Middle Neolithic period, the excavation conducted by the author at the Chungkuang site in the northern section of the nephrite deposits confirms, for the first time that the Huakangshan cultural layer dating to around 3000 BP exists in the upper layer of the Chungkuang site. The results shed light on the previously little known early period of the Late Neolithic, and the excavations recovered some missing links in the traditions of nephrite craftsmanship during Middle and Late Neolithic, and further clarified the contexts of each period as well as their order. According to studies from the 2014 excavation of the lower and upper layers of the Chungkuang Site, nephrite served as one of the main stone materials for developing utilitarian tools such as axe-spades, adze-chisels, and spears, though it was also used for ornaments such as tubular beads. Remains from the production of nephrite tools, such as scrap pieces and half-finished products, were also discovered along with materials from the production of tools using schist and other lithic materials, which resonates with past studies on the Pinglin site and the Fengpingtsun site. This suggests that the production of nephrite tools did not take place at special locations, and the production of nephrite tools and the production of schist and other stone materials were carried out together. Therefore, for prehistoric people living at the nephrite deposits, easily accessible nephrite and schist were all main sources for the production of stone tools and had no special religious significance. Furthermore, raw nephrite was mostly shaped into flat, rectangular forms and exported, showing that for prehistoric people living in the northern section of the East Rift Valley, nephrite, aside from being a local, easily accessible, and frequently used lithic raw material, could also be exported to reap economic benefits.

並列關鍵字

nephrite deposits ； nephrite craftsmanship ； flat cut and sawn nephrite materials ； the Takeng Culture ； the Huakangshan Culture