三級跳遠各階段著地期之動力學探討

三級跳遠為奧運田徑項目之一，其起跳動作順序分別由單腳跳(hop)、跨跳(step)與跳躍(jump)所組成（張立群，2003），過去研究主要探討的重點包括助跑速度、三階段起跳角度、三步距離之比率、三階段跳躍之力量分析等。本研究的目的在於瞭解三級跳遠不同的跳躍階段的特徵為何，至於本研究之研究方法是以文獻探討的方式，針對田徑三級跳遠項目三個階段跳躍著地期做動力學的分析。其中包含了各階段支撐腳的著地時間、垂直與水平方向地面反作用力等。本探討將三級跳支撐腳的著地動作分為制動期（支撐腳腳跟著地至身體重心經過支撐腳腳踝瞬間）與推蹬期（身體重心經過支撐腳腳踝瞬間至支撐腳腳尖離地剎那），分別來探討這兩期的力量變化對於三級跳遠的影響。整理發現：1.三階段跳躍的垂直力量大於水平力量且制動期的垂直力量峰值大於推蹬期，在跨跳階段地面反作用力為三階段中最大。2.與地面接觸時間由長至短依序為跳躍、跨跳與單腳跳3.三階段跳躍的距離比率屬跨跳階段最小。

關鍵字

生物力學；田徑；制動期；推蹬期；三步比率

並列摘要

Triple jump is one of the Olympic track and field events, it consists by hop, step and jump phase respectively, most researches focused on the run-up speed, take-off angle of three stages, ratio of three stages, ground reaction force of three stages in previous study. According to previous researches, this article aimed at the dynamical variables of three different phases of triple jump, including the contact duration time, vertical and horizontal ground reaction force (GRF) and the three phases distance of triple jump. This study separated the movement into two phases which were the break phase (when support leg heel-down to body center of mass moved on the vertical line of ankle of the support leg) and the push-off phase (body center of mass move through the vertical line of ankle of support leg to support leg toe-off) of three different phases of triple jump. The purpose of this article was to investigate how two phases of the movement effected the performance of triple jump. We found: 1.The mean contact duration time of support leg were the jump ＞ step ＞ hop respectively. 2. The vertical peak force were greater than horizontal peak force. 3. The peak force of breaking phase was greater than the push-off. 4. The GRF of the step phase was the greatest in three stages.