國小學童利他行為研究－具學習效果之蜈蚣賽局經濟實驗

理性人的自利行為使得看不見的手促成經濟體的有效率運作，但理性的人們是否總是自利，利他行為是行為經濟學探討的重要議題。有不少針對成年人利他行為之研究，顯示有高比例成年人不全然是自利，而國小五年級的小朋友究竟是利他還是自利，在國小階段經濟與品格教育上都具備重要性。為瞭解五年級學童利他行為的發展，本研究應用具學習效果蜈蚣賽局設計遊戲進行國小學童之經濟實驗研究，在家長同意之下，選取苗栗縣內兩所國小的五年級學生共計182名進行蜈蚣賽局經濟實驗，並分析檢測五年級學童的利他行為是否會因性別、文化差異、區域的不同而有所差異。研究結果發現：（一）台灣五年級學童的利他行為的發展符合認知發展論的利他行為發展階段。（二）台灣五年級學童的利他行為不會因為性別、文化差異以及區域性的不同而有所差異。（三）蜈蚣賽局實驗設計可作為品格教育教案。建議十二年國教之品格教育可以應用公平、利他、公共財等相關賽局設計賽局實驗之遊戲教案，以有益於品格教育之實施。

關鍵字

蜈蚣賽局；利他；實驗經濟；品格教育

並列摘要

This study aims at exploring the development of the altruistic behaviors of the primary students. An experiment was thus conducted to the 182 grade five students from two elementary schools in Miao Li County. The Centipede game was played for observing their altruistic behaviors. The variables were analyzed accordingly to examine whether there would be differences in students' altruistic behaviors in terms of their gender, cultural and geographical background. Findings of this experiment are described below-As far as the variables of fair division behaviors are concerned, there're no significant differences among the grade five students in terms of their gender, cultural and geographical background.The development of the grade five students' altruistic behaviors coincides with the the altruistic theory proposed by cognitive scholars. This study can be used as character education lesson plans. We proposal to teach character education can apply fairness, altruism, public good, and other related Game theories and Experimental Economics to design the character education lesson plans, in order to benefit the implementation of the character education.