從飄泊民族到建國之路－猶太復國主義之形成及演變

From a Diaspora Nation to the State: The Formation of Zionism and Its Evolution

杜子信(Tzu-Hsin Tu) ； 黃琬珺(Wan-Chun Huang)

《台灣國際研究季刊》 8卷1期 (2012/03) Pp. 55-80

https://doi.org/10.29800/TLSQ.201203.0003

摘要

當19世紀近代民族主義浪潮席捲全歐之時，作為一支飄泊離散民族且已亡國近2000年之久的猶太人，亦受到這股浪潮的感染而出現思索自身民族的定位及猶太民族何去何從的問題，因而出現了猶太民族運動，即所謂的「猶太復國主義」。為了維繫自身民族的永續長存，當時許多猶太有識之士紛紛提出若干解決方案，例如「飄泊民族主義派」主張猶太人應爭取作為各國境內少數民族而享有自治的地位，「領域民族主義派」則希望尋得一片可供猶太人安身立命的「民族家園」，「世界猶太復國主義組織」則以建立一個獨立自主的猶太國為其職志，其後並要求猶太民族必須重建國度於巴勒斯坦。然而受困於現實國際環境的制約，猶太人的上述種種理想在缺乏政治實力作後盾的情形下，盡遭國際社會所漠視，甚至在強權政治的考量下，猶太民族的權益橫遭犠牲，導致二戰慘遭民族浩劫的悲劇。以下本文擬由猶太民族運動的崛興歷程出發，其如何啓發猶太復國主義理想的產生，而猶太復國主義又如何在反猶主義衝擊下的蓬勃發展，以及猶太復國主義在推動之際所面臨的種種困境為題而進行分析，期能明瞭猶太復國主義及猶太問題之始末。

關鍵字

猶太復國主義 ； 猶太人 ； 以色列 ； 鍚安 ； 赫爾茨

並列摘要

When the 19th century the modern waves of nationalism swept across the entire Europe, as a Diaspora nation and had been subjugated nearly 2,000 years, the Jews also affected by this wave and began to think their own position and the Jewish nation problem of where to go. So they had a Jewish national movement that called ”Zionism.” In order to maintain their own national sustainability forever, many Jewish people of insight have made a number of solutions at that time. Diaspora Nationalism advocates that the Jews as a minority within the borders of the nations should strive for and enjoy autonomous status. Territorialism wants to find a ”national home” for the Jews to settle down. The World Zionist Organization wants to establish an independent Jewish State, and hoped to rebuild the kingdom in Palestine. However, trapped in the reality of the constraints of the international environment, Jews' above-mentioned ideas, lacking the back of political power, were ignored by the international community. Even in such real political considerations, the rights and interests of the Jewish people to be sacrificed led to the tragic catastrophe of Jews in World War II. Therefore, the authors proposed to start from the Jewish national movement-determination process, how they inspire the production of the Zionist ideal, and how the Zionism flourishes under the impact of anti-Semitism. This article performs an analysis on Zionism and the multiple plights it faced on the occasion of promoting, giving a clear view to understand Zionism and the Jewish problem of the whole history.

並列關鍵字

Zionism ； Jews ； Israel ； Zion ； Theodor Herzl

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