奧地利國家的建構及奧地利人認同的型塑

一部奧地利史常被學界形容為沒有自身所屬主體民族的國家發展史，詳觀其實，自中世紀晚期以降，奧地利逐步在德意志世界及中東歐地區擴展其影響力，其涵蓋的領域愈形遼闊，終而將大批種類紛繁的各支民族納入麾下，並憑之發展成為歐陸一方之霸甚至於獨霸的地位。然而過往可供奧地利哈布斯堡帝國統治並駕馭的多元民族，至19世紀近代民族主義浪潮風起雲湧之後，卻成帝國致命缺陷，為維繫多民族大帝國的屹立不墜，所謂奧地利的自我民族認同，不僅不受重視，甚至橫遭哈布斯堡統治當局所摒拒。迄一戰結束後，奧地利第一共和國建立之後，奧地利才首度以單一民族的國度而出現，卻因長期以來受到德意志認同及德意志歷史文化的牽引拘絆，使奧地利國族的認同感難以建立。直到二戰結束以後，才因國際因素及欲擺脫戰爭罪行的牽累，使奧地利國族的認同感快速發展並定型化。本文旨在分析奧地利國家建構與奧地利民族認同型塑兩者之間的關聯性，藉由對奧地利複雜的國家發展史的剖析，將能釐清奧地利民族形塑歷程上的高度困難性之所在。

關鍵字

奧地利；東部邊區；哈布斯堡帝國；德意志人；奧地利人

並列摘要

A history of Austria is very often known as a history of national development without her subjectivity as a nation. Since the late Middle Ages, Austria has gradually exerted its influence in the German world and Central Eastern Europe. Numerous nations were under Austria’s rule. This makes Austria achieve hegemony in Europe. However, as the tide of nationalism of the 19thcentury swept Europe, these numerous nations and peoples were fatal for Austria to construct a unified national self-identity, which was even rejected by the authority of Habsburg Empire. Until the end of World War I, after the establishment of First Republic, Austria appeared as a country of one-nation. Despite of this, Austria had difficulty in building their national identity because of the restrains entrenched and complicated in German identity and German history and culture since long. Until the end of World War II, international conditions and efforts to get rid of being implicated in war criminals, Austria national identity developed and fixated. This study analyzes the interrelationship between nation-building and national identity construction in Austria. Exploration into complicated development of national history of Austria helps clarify the difficulty in building an Austrian nation in the vicissitudes of history.