自由貿易區與多邊貿易體制的衝突與協調─基於優惠原產地規則的經驗分析

Conflict and Coordination between Free Trade Agreement and Multilateral Trade System-An Analysis Based on Preferential Origin Rules

成新軒(Xin-Xuan Cheng)

《Taiwanese Journal of WTO Studies》 16期 (2010/09) Pp. 81-106

https://doi.org/10.30392/TJWTOS.201009_(16).0004

摘要

杜哈談判的失敗使區域一體化組織成為許多成員國選擇的發展戰略。由此，自由貿易區原產地規則的職能也由最初確定商品是否享有優惠待遇資格、防止貿易偏轉增添了反映區域成員國的利益、與生產階段緊密結合的特徵。這種職能的變化導致自由貿易區優惠原產地規則充當了區域的貿易保護工具，加大了區域貿易轉移效應、降低了全球福利水準，與多邊貿易體制之間產生了一定的衝突；然而，優惠原產地規則推動了區域內部開放程度、自由程度的提高，與多邊貿易體制的宗旨相一致，使二者具有了協調的基礎。成員國之間需要採用漸進性原則、累積性原則實現WTO層面的優惠原產地規則協調，以有利於自由貿易區與多邊貿易體制的共同發展。中國－東盟自由貿易區原產地規則需要進一步調整，完善區域服務貿易原產地原則，並採用漸進性和積累性原則逐漸消除對成員國產生的非對稱性影響。2008年7月29日，世界貿易組織（WTO）小型部長會議的失敗宣告了杜哈回合的終結，多邊貿易體制的發展陷入了困境，區域一體化組織又將成為許多成員國發展戰略的首要選擇。原產地規則作為自由貿易區的一個重要特徵，將對區域成員國和外部世界的影響越來越顯著。自由貿易區原產地規則按照適用的範圍可以分為優惠原產地規則和非優惠原產地規則。烏拉圭回合談判形成的《原產地規則協定》附件二中，優惠原產地規則是指任何締約方根據協議或貿易集團規定，為確定商品原產國或地區是否享有優惠待遇而實施的法律、規章和普遍適用的行政命令。優惠原產地規則最初的職能是確定進口到區域商品的國籍、以及是否有資格享受優惠待遇、防止貿易偏轉等。但是，隨著區域經濟組織的發展，導致了優惠原產地規則職能的擴大，使自由貿易區與多邊貿易體制之間產生了一定的衝突，同時在本質上又呈現了某種程度的協調。

關鍵字

優惠原產地規則 ； 自由貿易區 ； 多邊貿易體制

並列摘要

With the failure of Doha Round negotiations, many WTO member countries have shifted their trade policy to a policy favoring regional integration. The function of origin rules of free trade agreement will be enlarged, not only defining eligibility and preventing trade deflection but also adding member countries benefit and connecting with production. These new functions transform preferential origin rules into ways of trade protection, reducing global welfare level, bringing about contradiction between free trade agreements and the multilateral trade system. However, preferential rules of origin promote expansion of the level of intra-regional openness, upgrade the extent of liberalization and coincide with objectives of multilateral trade system, and in turn provide a foundation for coordination. Member countries should take progressive rules and cumulative rules to coordinate the relationship between free trade agreements and the multilateral trade system. Against this background, origin rules of China-AFTA should be further adjusted, followed by the improvement of origin rules of trade in services and the adoption of progressive rules or cumulative rules to gradually reduce asymmetric effects of member states.

並列關鍵字

Preferential Origin Rules ； Free Trade Agreement ； Multilateral Trade System

參考文獻

世界貿易組織秘書處、索必成譯(2001)。烏拉圭回合協議導讀。法律出版社。

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