日本商業服務業發展趨勢之探討：兼論就業特性

日本商業服務業各業別的特性及受到外部環境的變化所衍生出來之課題，利用SWOT分析工具，可分為內部劣勢與外部威脅，前者包括：服務業的生產力在企業規模間差距相當大、海外拓展腳步慢、員工流動率高導致人力短缺。後者包括：人口減少導致內需市場萎縮、國內外服務業本身同質性高、海外企業價格競爭激烈。然而，綜觀台日商業服務業所存在的課題，提升商業服務業的勞動生產力及勞動條件是台日商業服務業之首要任務。為此，本研究先利用次級資料分析法，探討日本商業服務業環境現況，且研析商業服務業發展的特徵與趨勢下呈現之就業特性。其後，對日本商業服務業所面對的課題進行SWOT矩陣策略分析，進而綜整日本商業服務業日後持續發展之對策，亦彙整出以下三個方向值得台灣商業服務業政策發展參考借鏡之處，一、日本商業服務業的「國際化」及「科技化服務」之推動值得台灣學習；二、台灣應儘速科技整合與台日攜手開創海外市場；三、借鏡日本商業服務業發展趨勢下的人才培育及勞動保護政策。

關鍵字

商業服務業；科技化服務； SWOT分析；國際化；勞動保護

並列摘要

In this study, a SWOT analysis was conducted to analyze the nature of various sectors of the business service industry in Japan and the issues facing the industry as it responds to changes in the external environment. The analysis yielded internal weaknesses and external threats. The internal weaknesses revealed a wide gap between the industry's productivity and the scale of businesses, slow progress in overseas expansion, labor shortage due to high employee turnover rate, and an increasingly aging population. The external threats included the shrinking domestic demand due to declining population, characteristically high homogeneity within the domestic and foreign service industry, and intense price competition against foreign businesses. Looking broadly at the issues facing the Japanese business service industry-as well as those facing its Taiwanese equivalent-one may conclude that it is imperative for both to improve worker productivity and work conditions. Therefore, this study began with a secondary data analysis to explore the current situation in the Japanese business service industry and the discussion of the employment characteristics of the industry based on its developments. A SWOT analysis was subsequently performed on the issues facing the Japanese business service industry. The results were summarized to exhibit the strategies that the industry has adopted to develop sustainably and three suggestions for the development of business service industry policy in Taiwan: (a) learn from the manner in which the Japanese service industry is being ＂internationalized＂ and promoting ＂technology-enabled services＂; (b) deploy technologies as quickly as possible and work with the Japanese service organizations to expand abroad; and (c) learn from the talent cultivation and work protection policies that the Japanese business service industry executes as it evolves over time.