日本熊鷹的分布與生態

Distribution and Ecology of Japanese Mountain Hawk-Eagle

山崎亨(Toru Yamazaki)

《台灣猛禽研究》 12期 (2011/10) Pp. 15-27

https://doi.org/10.30121/RRT.201110.0003

摘要

日本的熊鷹（Nisaetus nipalensis）分布於北海道、本州、四國與九州４大島。研究顯示每對熊鷹的領域相當固定，在20～40 km^2之間，與棲地的植被型態無關，而是與獵食策略有關：牠們能深入成熟森林的內部去獵取各種生活於森林的中小型動物。利用的巢樹是中海拔山區胸高直徑大於60 cm的大樹。僅產1卵，產卵期在2～4月。孵卵期為43～45天。幼鳥在7～8月離巢，之後的活動範圍不會超過離巢位1 km的距離，通常在500 m以內，直到翌年2月已發展出足夠的獵食技巧後才會遠離。利用的棲地以成熟森林的頻度最高，因為這樣的森林內部可提供足夠的狩獵空間，且地面的草本植物與灌叢可供中小型動物棲息。因此，對於密集種植的人工林予以適度的疏伐經營對於熊鷹的保育相當重要。

關鍵字

熊鷹 ； 分布 ； 棲地 ； 繁殖生態 ； 森林經營

並列摘要

Mountain Hawk-Eagles (Nisaetus nipalensis) are distributed mainly on Kyushu island, Shikoku island, Honshu island, and Hokkaido island in Japan. Research showed that the density of breeding pairs was relatively constant between 20 km^2 and 40 km^2 per pair independently of the types of vegetation. This is thought to be related to the hunting strategy of the Mountain Hawk-Eagle: they can even forage inside matured forest, preying upon various kinds of small to medium sized species living in or along the forest. Nest trees were found to be the large trees located at the central altitude in the mountains with the average nest trees' DBH over 60 cm. Only one egg was laid from February to April. The incubation period was 43~45 days. Juveniles, after leaving the nest from June to August, usually stayed within 1000 m (mostly 500 m) of the nest until the end of following February while developing their hunting skill in that area. The high frequently used forest was matured forest which maintained constant space for hunting and grass or low shrubs on its floor, Therefore, it is very important to adequately manage thinning operations in densely-planted artificial plantations for the conservation of the Mountain Hawk- Eagle in Japan.

並列關鍵字

Mountain Hawk-Eagle ； Nisaetus nipalensis ； distribution ； habitat ； breeding ecology ； forest management