宋代詞論「自是一家」到「別是一家」的歷史發展－蘇軾與李清照詞學觀之比較

蘇軾與李清照安均為宋代詞壇中具有理論與創作表現的大家，他們對詞的見解形成詞學批評史上的兩個理論高潮。蘇軾因不滿柳永詞而高舉「自是一家」，李清照又在反省蘇軾的基礎上提出「別是一家」說。「自是一家」是蘇軾對自己詞作以豪放風格創新的自譽，指的是詞風；「別是一家」是李清照對「詞」與「詩」兩種文體之間有所區別的詞學主張，指的是詞體。二人的論述之間只是字面相似，並非理論上的承傳關係；但二者在相異中具有內在精神的一致性，從而取得了殊途同歸的路線，並對後代詞論產生了深遠的影響。我們在承認蘇、李差異的前提下，發現其詞學觀的相似或相同之處，或許更有助於全面且深入地把握二人詞學觀的豐富內涵，從而可以發現詞人、詞論與時代審美情趣的關係。本文著重考察在詞體演進的歷程中，蘇軾高舉的「自是一家」的創作表現和李清照所倡導的詞「別是一家」的理論主張，對於詞體發展的有何影響，以期能勾勒出一段詞論發展的軌跡。

關鍵字

蘇軾；李清照；自是一家；以詩為詞；詞別是一家

並列摘要

Su Shih and Li Ching-Chao were theoretical and creative masters in the discipline of Tsu in Sung dynasty, and their view of Tsu's appraisal has become two fundamental theories. Su Shih was discontented with Liu Yung's Tsu and therefore, styled himself, whereas Li Ching-Chao proposed theory of styling others on the basis of what Su Shih advocated. Theory of styling oneself was Su Shih's self recognition of unrestrained creation, and it implied Tsu's characteristics. Theory of styling others was idea proposed to distinguish Tsu from Poet by Li Ching-Chao, and it represented Tsu's system. These two propositions share similarity of characters without real connection; however, their consistent natures lead to the same destination and greatly affected the latter development of Tsu's theory. When recognizing the distinction between Su and Li, it is therefore possible to uncover the vast contents of the two by completely and profoundly exploring the connection of writers, theories and contemporary appreciation of beauty. This paper aims at revealing the historical progress, and tracing the development of Tsu by examining the influences induced by Su Shih's creation of Tsu and Li Ching-Chao's theoretical proposal.