從鼎革際遇重探清初遣戍東北文士的出處認同

From Dynasty Change Experience to Re-examine the Origin Identification of the Literati Banished to the Northeast in Early Qing

王學玲(Hsueh-Ling Wang)

《淡江中文學報》 18期 (2008/06) Pp. 185-223

https://doi.org/10.6187/tkujcl.200806.18-8

摘要

清初流放東北荒塞的文士數量遠超乎想像，學者向來關注不多，偶見論述，也僅及其流放生涯。事實上，這些遣戍文士幾乎跨越明、清二朝，歷經天崩地解的家國劇變，山谷陵替的鼎革創傷同樣為其生命的重要景觀。其於甲申年的周旋進退，不僅突顯個人在亂局中的艱難處境，亦可窺見當時更複雜而龐大的政治、文化認同問題。本文結合鼎革際遇的生存實況，不從統治者立場，轉由文士角度剖析流放成因，闡述其出處抉擇背後，改朝換代的認同思索與複雜曲折的心靈圖像。首先重返歷史現場，以表列方式彙整流放文士之出處選擇，概述其流放戍所、案件，以及之後或返回中原、或亡於戍所的際遇。其次，以幾個或懸而未決，或須深入釐清的特殊人物案例，說明鼎革之際流放文士出處抉擇複雜現象。最後，藉由梳理遣戍之因，回顧近、當代學者對於東北流放文士的論述形成。其中「流放論述」與民族意識的緊密關聯，如何看待明清之際士人的出處作為，及對明遺民、降清者的評價定位，皆為本文關懷所在。

關鍵字

甲申 ； 流放 ； 清初 ； 東北 ； 認同

並列摘要

The number of the literati banished to the barren Northeast in Early Qing is beyond imagination. Yet, scholars have not paid too much attention to the subject. Even if discussed, the attention has only paid to their lives in exile. In fact, these banished literati include those from both the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the drastic state and family transformations and the traumatic dynasty change should be also important elements of their lives as well. The development in the year of 甲申 (1644) not only demonstrated the difficult situations of the individuals under the trouble times but also revealed the complicated political as well as cultural identification problem at the time. Integrating the dynasty change experience into the analysis and writing from the perspective of the literati, this article analyzes the reasons of their banishment and explicates the sophisticated mental entanglements of their identification searches based on origin under the change of dynasties. First, the article attempts to restore certain historical reality and list the consolidating origin choices of banished literati. It describes the banished construction, cases, and experiences with dead in their banishment or back to center land. Secondly, by using some unexplored yet or particular cases, the article discusses the complicated appearance of origin choices in banished literati. Finally, through analyzing the reasons of their banish, this article re-examines the conclusions from contemporary scholars' discussions of the banished literati in the Northeast, among which their treatments on the origin choices of the literati during the Ming and Qing dynasties and their evaluations of those Ming literati who surrendered to the Qing particularly need further re-thinking.

並列關鍵字

甲申 ； Exile or Banish ； Early Qing ； Northeast ； Identification

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