原住民族文化成果保護之立法與法理

The Theory and Legislation on Indigenous Cultural Achievements Protection

黃致穎(Chih-Ying Huang)

《高大法學論叢》 14卷2期 (2019/03) Pp. 1-67

摘要

傳統知識和傳統文化表達應受到保護，是國際間的多數見解。台灣也依循此依潮流，並制定相關法規範。但是利用法律給予保護，並承認由原住民族取得集體權利的作法，卻受到學者的批評。論者有認為此種作法會抵觸以個人主義為主的法制度，並且可能侵蝕公共領域。即便如此，臺灣法的設計，仍然和著作權法有許多類似處。建構法律的理論，不是僅以誘因理論為限。且從國際間的發展來看，最初只是基於避免原住民族遭剝削之故，而提倡保護傳統知識和傳統文化表達。雖然從之後的發展可知，對此提供保護，有助於文化多樣性，以及豐富人類遺產的功用。但是正當化保護理由，和抵觸現行法制度間，仍存有相當的落差。本文主張，現行法的作法是正確，但是可以從其他方面提供進一步的說理。從國際條約的發展可知，最初的關心重點，不是在於文化多樣性，而是在於避免剝削，以促進文化發展。雖然目前已有多種方案和提議，為促進發展一事提供保護基礎。但若不改變思維方式，很可能會認定，傳統智慧財產權，無法對此提供保護，而新創設的制度，卻又有難以理解之處。權利的排他性，為文化發展一事，提供了一個不受干擾的空間。在智慧財產權法理論中，也有專注發展空間的論點下，本文主張應該從「維持發展空間」的角度，去理解此一議題。

關鍵字

智慧財產權 ； 文化多樣性 ； 文化成果 ； 發展空間 ； 公共領域

並列摘要

It is commonly accepted that traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expression shall be protected among the nations. Taiwan also follow this trend and promulgated acts protecting such. Scholars, however, criticize the method of using laws protecting traditional knowledge and admitting a collective right for indigenous peoples. Scholars believe that such approach may contradict legal systems based on individualism and erode the public domain. Even though, it can be found that the current structure adopted by Taiwan has many similarities with copyright law. Nevertheless, legal theories do not limited to incentive theory. The international development on this topic started from a simple idea that indigenous peoples shall not be exploited. Though it is known that protecting traditional knowledge is beneficial to cultural diversity and human heritage, some gaps between justification of protection and contradicting current legal system still exist. This article proposes that current approach on this issue is accurate. We, however, need to comprehend the issue with another perspective. Through the development of international treaties, we can fully aware that the initial concern is not about cultural diversity but about development through avoiding exploitation. Various propositions and approaches have been raised on this subject. It is, however, that without changing our ways of thinking, traditional intellectual property rights fails to provide protection while the newly founded mechanism has unexplainable problems. The exclusivity of right creates a space free of interference for cultural development. Under the premise that such theory also exists under intellectual property laws, the article argues we should approach this subject with such perspective.

並列關鍵字

intellectual property ； cultural diversity ； cultural achievement ； developing capacity ； public domain

參考文獻

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