巴特教義學中的宗教批判：從否定到揚棄

Barth's Critique of Religion in His Dogmatics: From Negation to Sublation

鄭佳露(Jialu Zheng)

《漢語基督教學術論評》 33期 (2022/06) Pp. 113-140

摘要

本論文探究的是基督新教神學家卡爾．巴特在1924年的《基督宗教講義》、1927年的《基督宗教教義學綱要》以及1938年的《教會教義學》第二卷中對宗教的神學批判。通過比較巴特在這三個時期的教義學中對宗教問題的不同處理方式，論文逐一釐清了宗教批判在巴特教義學中的神學功能。簡而言之，在《基督宗教講義》中，巴特刻意迴避宗教，並以此否定宗教問題在自己的教義學系統中的價值。他這樣做的主要目的是拒絕以施賴爾馬赫為代表的現代基督新教神學。與此相反，巴特在《基督宗教教義學綱要》中開始在討論恩典的過程中正視宗教的神學價值。與此同時，他也強調了自己的宗教理解與現代基督新教神學語境中的宗教理解之間的差異。最後，在《教會教義學》第二卷中，巴特討論神學中的宗教問題的落腳點是論述上帝在耶穌基督中的恩典如何使基督宗教成為了唯一的真宗教。巴特認為，在上帝的啟示的揚棄中，基督宗教同時是「不信」和「真宗教」。總體而言，我們可以發現，巴特在自己的教義學系統中有很多種處理宗教問題的方式。相較於《基督宗教講義》和《基督宗教教義學綱要》，巴特在《教會教義學》中處理宗教問題最突出的貢獻就是他對「上帝的啟示即宗教的揚棄」的闡述，即「宗教即不信」和「基督宗教是真宗教」之間的辯證關係。如果說「宗教即不信」是巴特對宗教問題的神學批判，那麼「基督宗教是真宗教」就是他對宗教問題的神學肯定。

關鍵字

教義學 ； 宗教 ； 否定 ； 啟示 ； 揚棄

並列摘要

The article investigates into Barth's theological critique of religion in his dogmatics: Unterricht in der christlichen Theologie (1924), Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf (1927), and Kirchliche Dogmatik I/2 (1938). By comparing Barth's different approaches to the critique of religion in these three dogmatics, the investigation would like to clarify diverse theological functions of the critique of religion in his dogmatics. In short, Barth's ignorance of religion in Untericht in der christlichen Religion implicates his denial of the theological value of the theme of religion. His negation of religion aims mainly at rejecting modern protestant theology represented by Schleiermacher. In contrast, Barth begins to acknowledge the theological value of religion in Die christlichen Dogmatik im Entwurf in the discussion of grace. Meanwhile, he also emphasizes die difference between his theological understanding of religion and the understanding of religion in the modern protestant theology. Finally, Barth's purpose of discussing the problem of religion in theology in Kirchliche Dogmatik is to understand, how God's revelation in Jesus Christus makes Christianity to become the only true religion. According to Barth's arguments, Christianity is unbelief and the true religion at the same time owing to God's revelation as sublation of religion. In conclusion, we can figure out there are various theological approaches to deal with the problem of religion in the development of Barth's dogmatics. Compared with Unterricht in der christlichen Theologie and Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf, the most significant contribution of Barth's critique of religion in Kirchliche Dogmatik is his interpretation of the God's revelation as sublation of religion, namly the dialectic between ＂religion is unbelief ＂ and ＂Christianity is true religion.＂ If Barth's thesis ＂religion is unbelief ＂ is his theological critique of religion, then his thesis ＂Christianity is true religion＂ is his acknowledgment of the theological value of the problem of religion in his dogmatics.

並列關鍵字

dogmatics ； religion ； negation ； revelation ； sublation

參考文獻

Barth, Karl. Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf. Bd. I, Die Lehre vom Worte Gottes: Prolegomena zur christlichen Dogmatik 1927. Edited by Gerhard Sauter. GAII.14. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1982.

Barth, Karl. Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Anselms Beweis der Existenz Gottes im Zusammenhang seines theologischen Programms. Edited by Eberhard Jüngel und Ingolf U. Dalferth. GAII.13. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1981.

Barth, Karl. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik. I/1, Die Lehre vom Wort Gottes: Prolegomena zur kirchlichen Dogmatik. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1987.

Barth, Karl. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik. I/2, Die Lehre vom Wort Gottes: Prolegomena Zur kirchlichen Dogmatik. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1987.

Barth, Karl. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik. II/2, Die Lehre von Gott. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1987.