漢末「士人」與「文人」對立的社會意義－以「鴻都門學」為論述核心

關於東漢後期士人的相關討論中，余英時先生有段說法向來頗受重視，認為「士之群體自覺意識」之所以日趨明確，乃士大夫在迭與閹宦勢力衝突、鬥爭的過程中逐漸凸顯的結果；簡言之，士人以其所自持的「道德標準」為憑，由起初的「不交匪類」中經兩次「黨錮之禍」的催化，而終與閹宦集團形成涇渭分明之勢。承此背景脈絡而降，周旋於士大夫與閹宦之間的漢靈帝劉宏，為平衡兩端勢力之考量，在既有的太學之外，另立了「鴻都門學」，於是士大夫與閹宦的對立之勢便進一步演成「士人/經學」與「文人/文藝」的對抗之局。本文之作，即針對發生於靈帝時的「鴻都門事件」，透過當時士大夫群體的批判言論標示出「士人」與「文人」的區別，進而建構出士人角色與經學資本的相互關係。蓋本文以為，在王綱解紐、經學衰微的時代趨勢下，蔡邕等人於「鴻都門事件」中對士人與經學互構關係的強調，反而有深刻的時代意義足供吾人挖掘、闡釋，而此一意義，亦即為兩漢經學時代跨度到魏晉文藝時代不可省略的理解橋樑。

關鍵字

鴻都門學；文士；士人；文人；黨錮；人物品鑒

並列摘要

On the late Eastern Han Dynasty Scholars discussion, Mr. Yu Ying-shih - segment argument has always been very much by everyone's attention, he thinks the reason why ”Scholars of the group consciousness will become increasingly clear, is a scholar in constant conflict and eunuch forces, the struggleincreasingly prominent result of the process; in other words, scholars ”moral standards” in its self-sustaining by virtue of the final from the first ”non-payment of otherness” and then after two ”party Ethos catalytic eunuch groupto form a sharply different situation. Then of this background context, the deal between the literati and the eunuch, and the group, the eastern Emperor Ling of Han Liu, in order to balance the consideration of the forces at both ends, in addition to the existing Imperial College, In addition, the establishment of a ”Hongduxue ”so the opposition situation of the literati and the eunuch will be a further step against the situation in the play it becomes the” Scholars / science ”and” literati / art ”.The Writing of this paper is for ”the Hongduxue event occurred in the East Han Lingdi through the critical remarks of the literati groups marked the difference between ”Scholars” and ”literati”, and then construct the literati role Classics of the mutual relations of capital. We thought, Wang Gang solution Zealand, by learning the decline of the era trend, the literati and by learning each other constitutive relations of emphasis, but a profound era of significance enough to let us tap the interpretation, but this one meaning, the wild is from the Han's school time span to the bridge of understanding of the literary era of the Wei, Jin can not be omitted.