生的欲求與死的觀照－＜形影神＞的自我辯證與詮說

Aspiration for Life and Contemplation of Death: Self-Discrimination in and Explanation of ＂Form, Shadow, and Spirit＂ (＂Xing, Ying, Shen＂)

簡澤峰(Tse-Feng Chien)

《興大中文學報》 36期 (2014/12) Pp. 1-32

摘要

本文採取二個進路來解釋〈形影神〉的意旨：其一，說明「形影神」中「神」的確實意涵。其二，以對話的方式進行論辯解說淵明對於「死亡」的態度。從第一進路得出：「形影神」的「神」識是以「心」為基礎，強調隨順自然過生活的「神妙」（感應）作用而言的一種境界之詞，「神」識的背後是帶有詩人情感欲求的「心」。說明淵明在面對人生最終的死亡課題時，並非如一般所認知的那樣，完全的超然曠達，用冷靜的神識否定了外在形體需求與社會價值的追求，而是了悟的形、影的片面追求不可得，從存在的實有，即肉體出發，順任本心、本性，隨順「自然」而過生活。第二進路則說明了：淵明看似用對話的方式自我說解、自我說服對於「死亡」的態度，但他始終並沒有真正的消解內心中聲名與死亡的矛盾糾結。尤其透過和其他詩文的相對話，更隱約的看到淵明背後的無奈與焦灼。尤其是對於「名聲」的無法忘懷。在「形影神」中更突顯出「影」的特殊性，這證實了許多學者對淵明的共同看法─淵明詩文表面的超然曠達、靜穆，並非我們看到的那樣，而是在泰然恬靜的神識下，潛藏著多股激流，彼此激盪、衝突、糾結著。

關鍵字

形影神 ； 陶淵明 ； 神 ； 心 ； 死亡

並列摘要

The main idea of the poem ＂Form, Shadow, and Spirit＂ (＂Xing, Ying, Shen＂) by Tao Yuan-ming can be explained using two approaches: The first approach is to clearly identify the meaning of ＂spirit＂ (＂shen＂) in the poem, and the second approach is to elaborate Tao's attitude toward death by analyzing the dialog method he used. According to the first approach, the ＂spirit＂ consciousness mentioned in this poem is derived from the basis of ＂heart,＂ a term indicating a state of mind in which the spirit is at one with nature and an individual lives and enjoys the wonder (telepathy) of life. Underlying the ＂spirit＂ consciousness is the desire of the heart, experienced by Tao as emotional needs. The desire was apparent when Tao faced death: he was not as detached or as free-spirited as most people think, nor did he use his calm ＂spirit＂ consciousness to negate the pursuance of physical needs and societal values. However, he realized that form and shadow exist only temporarily and, thus, cannot be obtained. Substantiality in existence should be built on the physical body, and life should be lived by following the heart and nature. The second approach can be applied to explain that, although Tao used dialog to explain and convince himself of his attitude toward death, he did not thoroughly resolve the contradiction between fame and death. Through the dialogs in other poems, we can observe that Tao concealed thoughts and worries between the lines of his poems, particularly regarding his attachment to fame, which is emphasized in the meaning of ＂shadow＂ in the poem ＂Form, Shadow, and Spirit＂. This hidden meaning verifies the common view of numerous scholars regarding Tao: The words in his poems, which appear to describe a detached, calm, and free-spirited character, do not reflect the whole truth. Behind his composure and confidence hid tumultuous emotional contradictions and struggles.

並列關鍵字

Tao Yuan-ming ； ＂Xing, Ying, Shen＂ ； Hermeneutics ； Self-Discrimination

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