域外漢語探索──論長崎唐話的表現特色

14 至19 世紀東亞諸國，有關學習中國話的教材，多數由當地涉及與中國事務有關的人士編寫而成。由於編輯者的方言背景與文化差異，因此形成獨特的官話學習材料，因為與中國本土的語言稍微有些差異，一般即以「域外漢語」做稱呼。歷史上從17 世紀初期開始，即有江、浙、閩、粵等地的唐船，開往日本九州的長崎港進行唐船貿易。貿易進行中必須借助唐通事居中做溝通。這批唐通事都是世襲職位的早期中國移民後代，由於他們只會講日本話，必須從小開始學習唐話及唐山事務，以便就任唐通事職位之後，有足夠的唐話能力與嫻熟的唐山文化知識，才能處理唐船的華人與長崎官府之間各種大小與貿易有關的事務。本文擬以唐話的表現特色作探討，從目前發現的各種唐話教材中，歸納出「多語交響、職位世襲、通俗口語、移民文化、真實歷史」等項語言表現的特色作論述。畢竟唐話是應用性很強的語言，在質樸、堅毅的本質中，仍然可以看到海外中華文化傳承的精神。

關鍵字

唐話；唐通事；唐三寺；唐船；唐館

並列摘要

From the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries, East Asian countries usually selected people familiar with Chinese affairs to edit or compose teaching materials for learning Chinese. Because the editors had different cultural and dialectical backgrounds, Mandarin learning materials with unique particularities were created. They are typically referred to as ＂overseas Chinese language＂ because they were different from the original Mandarin in China. Since the seventeenth century, many ＂Tang ships＂ from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong were piloted to Kyushu to participate in commercial trading. During the trading, the people hired Tang-tongshi to facilitate communication between the residents and the Chinese. Consequently, these hereditary Tang-tongshi, descendants of ancient Chinese immigrants,had to learn the Tanghua language and Tang affairs from childhood. Upon acquiring sufficient knowledge and language ability, they started to handle affairs between the Chinese and the Nagasaki government. This study investigated the characteristics of the Tanghua language. By researching all types of teaching material on learning Chinese, we concluded that there are some distinguishing features such as ＂multilingual phenomenon,＂＂hereditary positions,＂＂popular vernacular,＂＂immigration cultures,＂ and ＂actual histories＂ that illustrate its characteristics. Because Tanghua has been highly applied, we could observe the essence of overseas Chinese cultures through its perseverance and unadorned characteristics.