身心障礙者在國小國語文教科書中出現率及相關內涵探討

教科書是學校教學活動及評量的主要依據，然自民國73年公布特殊教育法，致力推動融合教育以來，對教科書中身心障礙者出現率及相關內涵的探討卻甚為不足。108學年度實施十二年國民基本教育課綱，現行教科書內涵依據十二年國教課綱中必須融入的議題，人權教育及生命教育均列其中。為因應前述因素，本文先以文獻回顧分析法，分析2018年前國內探討身心障礙者在國小國語文教科書中出現率及相關內涵，歸納結論為：1.身心障礙者出現率低於5%；2.障礙類別多肢體與感官類；3.人物意象從令人憐憫轉變為勵志或勇者形象；4.書中80%以上使用「傑出身心障礙人士」策略傳達身心障礙相關知識；5.缺乏身心障礙者自身出發之觀點。本研究接著採内容分析法，分析101至106學年度，康軒、翰林與南一出版國小國語文教科書中身心障礙者出現率及其他相關內涵。研究結果為：（一）總計2936篇文章，身心障礙者有36篇，出現率為1.23%；（二）文章中，特殊教育法規所規定十三種障別中僅出現6種，並以肢體、多重障礙、感官障礙及身體病弱類居多共佔97.2%，隱性障礙的學習障礙類別僅曾出現一次；（三）文章七成以上以國內人士為例，但人物時代背景與現今教科書使用者有十年至三十年以上差距；（四）三家出版社皆曾調整教科書内容，101學年度南一版出現率有2.4%，為三家出版社最高，其次是康軒、翰林，調整後106學年度最高者為翰林出版社有2.47%，其次為康軒0.6%、南一則為0%。近五年來身心障礙者出現率不僅不穩定，且比率亦呈現下滑趨勢：康軒由101學年度1.8%降至106學年度0.61%；南一由101學年度2.4%降至106學年度0%；惟翰林版出現率上升由101學年度1.21%升至106學年度2.47%。（五）課文内容近八成由他人撰寫編輯，仍然缺乏由身心障礙者自身出發之觀察角度。相關討論及建議於文内呈現。

關鍵字

國小國語文教科書；身心障礙者；特殊需求學生

並列摘要

Textbooks are the main basis for teaching activities and assessments in schools. However, since the publication of The Special Education Act in Taiwan in 1984, work hard to promote inclusive education have made it difficult to explore the incidence and related content of people with special needs in Chinese-language textbooks. Ministry of Education is expected to implement the 12-year National Basic Education Curriculum in the 108th academic year. The current textbook content should be adjusted according to the 12-year national education curriculum literacy orientation. In order to respond to the above factors, this paper first adopts the literature review analysis method, and analyzes the literature on the relevant domestic textbooks before 2018, and summarizes the following points: 1. The incidence of mentally handicapped persons in textbooks does not exceed 5%; 2. the categories of obstacles limit limbs and sensory obstacles; 3. the image of people changes from poor to inspirational, brave; 4. 80% of the Chinese language textbooks use the strategy of ＂excellent people with special needs＂ to convey mental and physical disabilities relevant knowledge; 5. The perspective of the lack of self-discipline . The study then analyzes the content analysis method to analyze the incidence of mentally handicapped persons in Kangxuan, Hanlin and Nanyi Publishing States in the Chinese language elementary school textbooks for the six academic years from the 101st to the 106th academic year. And other related connotations. The results of the study are (1) in a total of 2,936 articles, there are 36 cases of physical and mental disabilities, the incidence rate is 1.23%; (2) In the 36 articles, most of the limbs and sensory disorders in the dominant disorder, such as visual, hearing impaired, physical and physical illnesses, including related institutions that mentioned dominant obstacles, accounted for 97.2%.The type of learning disorder for recessive disorders only appeared once; (3) More than 70% of the mentally handicapped persons in the textbooks are domestic figures, but the background of the characters and the current textbook users have a gap of 10 to 30 years; (4) The three publishers have re-edited the contents of the revised textbooks. In the 101st academic year, the number of people with physical and mental disabilities in the textbooks was 2.4%, which was the highest among the three publishers, followed by Kang Xuan and Hanlin, and the adjusted rate of 106 academic years. The highest is Hanlin Publishing House with 2.47%, followed by Kangxuan 0.6%, and South One with 0%. In the past five years, the incidence of mentally handicapped persons in textbooks has not only been unstable, but the ratio has also shown a downward trend: Kang Xuan fell from 1.8% in the 101 academic year to 0.61% in the 106 academic year; Nanyi fell from 2.4% in the 101 academic year to 106 studies. 0% of the year; the increase in the number of major publishers in the Hanlin edition increased from 1.21% in the 101 academic year to 2.47% in the 106 academic year. (5) The content of the course selection article has not used the self-reported or interview record analysis method of the person with physical or mental disabilities. Nearly 80% of the articles are written and edited by others, and there is still a lack of observation angle from the person with physical and mental disabilities. Relevant discussions and suggestions are presented in the text.