多瑪斯論“義德”之對象與性質

本文在多瑪斯德行倫理學的架構中，探討智德之復、勇德與節德之前的義德(Justitia; justice)議題。限於篇幅，本文主要探討其中兩個基本問題：一是「正義」／「義德」的對象，即「權利」(right)；二是「正義」／「義德」的性質。權利按照本性或協議、共識可區分為「自然權利」及「實際權利」。正義／義德的性質則透過定義、德行、主體、來源、普遍德行、普遍正義與特殊正義、中庸、主要德行等之分析而一一闡明。接著，指出相反義德之「不義」與「不義之人」；並扼要點出「判斷」／「判決」(judgment)，尤其是善惡的判斷，是正義的「行為」(act)。最後，結論出多瑪斯義德思想之意義與價值在於其對義德的理解與建構，正是個人道德過渡並提升到社會倫理的關鍵。

關鍵字

多瑪斯；德行；正義；義德；權利；意志；公共善；倫理

並列摘要

In the framework of Thomas' Virtue Ethics, this essay approaches to issues of justice, which is behind prudence and before fortitude and temperance. For the limitation of length, this essay mainly approaches to two basic questions among them: one is the object of justice-right-while another is the nature of justice. According to its nature, agreement, or consensus, right could be divided into natural right and positive right. The nature of justice could be elucidated one by one through the analysis of definition, virtue, subject, source, general virtue, general justice, particular justice, mean, and principle virtue. Then, this essay will point out injustice and people of injustice, and mainly point out that judgment, especially the judgment of virtue and vice, is act of justice. Finally, this essay will sum up that the meaning and value of Thomas' thought of justice is on its understanding and construction to justice, which is a pivotal point upon personal virtue transiting and elevating to social ethics.