論朱祖謀「節目詞」中的盛世追想與尊君意識

文人於節日發言吟詠，由來已久，或為鼓吹承平，或宣一己情懷，大多與其所處的時代風氣、個人際遇，密切相關。晚清以來，時局大變，不惟國體、政體改革的聲浪呼求甚熾，還有西方文明近逼，漢族傳統文化面臨絕續存亡的燃眉之急。值此處境，有些信守傳統的清代高階文官於詩詞中，抒發一己世變之感，如曾任禮部侍郎、吏部侍郎，晚年高居詞壇盟主的朱祖謀（1857－1931），其詞稿《彊村語業》，多見家國之思，尤其以「節日」為題的詞作，更屢屢書寫歷史上的盛世節慶以及明君恩澤。對照這類詞作撰成的年代，多屬於清室危亡，民權與君權爭辯激烈之時，則朱祖謀此一書寫所蘊涵的政治意義，值得關注。從中或可見他以漢族「尊君」的傳統為前提，接納、響應彼時「君主立憲」說的「尊君」主張，由此展現「中體西用」的時代思維。朱祖謀每於詞中，擷取、重組與節日相關的歷代君臣故事，以資詠嘆，這是一種帶有特定訴求的追想，藉此喚起其他眾多文人的記憶中，漢族文化所肯認的君主政治理想。據此，本文的論題有二：一、闡明朱祖謀的「節日詞」中所表述的「盛世」與「尊君」。二、闡明朱祖謀的「節日詞」在「君主立憲」的政治思潮中，如何表現「中體西用」的意義。

關鍵字

朱祖謀；節日；盛世；君主立憲；中體西用

並列摘要

It has long been a literary tradition that poets write on festal days. Some celebrate the peace of society while others deliver their own sentiments. Most of the poems are closely connected with the moods of the time and personal life. The social environment arrived at a time of dramatic changes since the late Ching Dynasty. Demands for national and political reforms became stronger and stronger. Moreover, the traditional Han culture was confronted with a dire crisis due to the invasion of Western civilization. Thus, some traditional senior officials expressed their thoughts about the social changes through poetry. For example, Chu Tsu-mou, (1857-1931)a former vice minister of the Ministry of Rites and of the Ministry of Personnel and the leader of Ci poets in his later years, often expressed his sentiments about the country in his Ci poetry collection ”Jiang Cun Yu Ye,” (彊村語業)especially those for festal days, in which he would frequently write about the festivals during the golden age and the greatness of wise rulers. Those Ci poems were usually written when the Ching Dynasty found itself in a state of crisis, when heated debates in society raged between Democracy and Monarchism. Hence, the political implications of Chu Tsu-mou's writing should be highlighted. It should be observed that he prioritized the Han tradition of Monarchism while accepting and echoing the calls for Constitutional Monarchy at that time, realizing the spirit of ”Westernized Chinese Style” of the age.Chu Tsu-mou alludes to and retells stories of past rulers and their ministers related to the festal days in his Ci poems in the spirit of admiration. The yearning purposefully reminds other intellectuals of the traditional merits of the Han Monarchy. Accordingly, the study has two primary aims. Firstly, it elaborates the themes of the ”Golden Age” and ”Monarchism” expressed in Chu Tsu-mou's Festal Ci Poetry. Secondly, it shows how Chu Tsu-mou's Festal Ci Poetry realizes the spirit of ”Westernized Chinese Style” in the political trends of Constitutional Monarchy.