模因視角下華語文文化認知暨教學探究

A Memetic Approach to the Study of Chinese Cultural Recognition and Teaching

彭妮絲(Ni-Se Peng)

《人文研究期刊》 13期 (2016/12) Pp. 95-120

摘要

在文化的長期變遷過程中，其傳承特性正是通過文化系統的整合而達到相對成熟和穩定狀態；文化的每一次整合或摒棄原有的不合理因素、吸收合理的因素基礎上進行，其繼承性類似于基因的傳遞。Dawkins根據與生物基因的類比，提出模因此一新複製者的觀念，以之代表文化演化的最小基因；基因通過遺傳而繁衍，模因則是通過模仿而傳播，模仿是模因的主要複製方式。Heylighten提出模因成功複製必須經過四個階段：同化、記憶、表達與傳輸。再者，基因為求生存必須彼此競爭並面對選擇，文化模因亦然；通常文化模因是以共同文化模因或文化模因複合體形式繁殖、演化。本研究以韓國中學學生為對象，進行華人文化及詞彙文化符碼認知問卷調查。研究結果顯示，同學認為具代表性中國文化符號前三項為孔子、故宮及兵馬俑，多為傳統符號；具代表性之臺灣文化符號前三項為日月潭、鳳梨酥與珍珠奶茶，多為現代符號；具代表性中國文學文化符號前三項為三國演義、西遊記、水滸傳，呈現出「傳統文化符號領先於當代文化符號」、「顯性文化多於隱性文化」、「物質文化多於非物質文化」現象。中國文化符碼受測者認知較集中，臺灣文化符碼受測者認知離散程度較高，臺灣文化符碼排序前者多為文化觀光行銷項目。繼之從文化模因視角探討華語文文化課程及教學內涵，據文化模因複製階段以探究文化傳承之轉化，以及文化教學內涵之轉變等。

關鍵字

模因 ； 華人文化 ； 文化符號 ； 文化認知 ； 華語文文化課程

並列摘要

A culture in the long course of transformation arrives at a relatively mature and stable state via integrations of cultural systems and every integration is a process of including some factors applicable and excluding some factors irrational. The transformation is very similar to that of biological evolution. Dawkins, by analogy with gene, suggests the 'meme' as a new replicator and the most fundamental unit for our understanding of cultural evolution. A gene reproduces by inheritance while a meme diffuses by imitation. In other words, imitation is the way a meme reproduces itself. Dawkins points out that longevity, fecundity, and copying-fidelity are three qualities of a successful replicator, and Heylighten notes that a memetic life-cycle consists of 4 stages: assimilation, retention, expression and transmission. A gene is selected to survive, so is a meme. In addition, the reproduction and evolution of meme are taking place in the form of common-meme or meme complex. The studying subjects are Korean students, who had, in the first place, gone through aquestionnaire survey concerning topics such as Chinese cultureand vocabulary recognition. For these students, the top three icons of Chinese culture are Confucius, the National Palace Museum, and the Terracotta Warriors, which are quite traditional, while those of Taiwanese culture are the Sun Moon Lake, pineapple cake, and bubble milk tea, all of them are modern symbols. As to the most representative cultural symbols in Chinese literature, the top three are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, and Water Margin. It shows that 1) the modern cultural symbols are more popular than the traditional ones, 2) the explicit culture is heavier than the implicit, and 3) the material culture is larger than the non-material. The survey results of subjects' recognition of the Chinese cultural symbols are relatively concentrative but those regarding Taiwanese cultural symbols are rather discrete and the top ones of the latter are mostly the promoted targets for cultural tourism. This essay then investigates the Chinese cultural courses and their implications for teaching in the memetic perspective. It is, based on the stages of memetic replication, a study of the transformation of cultural inheritance and the change of cultural teaching.

並列關鍵字

meme ； Chinese culture ； cultural symbols ； cultural recognition ； Chinese cultural courses