Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen was mixed with different kinds of mineral materials including montmorillonite (MMT), limestone powder (LSP), and nano-calcium carbonate (n-CaCO3). The effects of MMT, LSP, and n-CaCO3 on diesel resistance of SBS modified bitumen were investigated. The results showed that the addition of LSP to SBS modified bitumen increased the percent weight loss of SBS modified bitumen, while the addition of n-CaCO3 and MMT decreased the percent weight loss of SBS modified bitumen. As compared with n-CaCO3, MMT exhibited better effect on improving diesel resistance of SBS modified bitumen. MMT/SBS modified bitumen displayed good resistance to diesel when the optimum MMT content is 3% (in weight). The engine oil resistance of MMT/SBS modified bitumen was also investigated. The results showed that the addition of MMT to SBS modified bitumen can reduce the swelling of SBS modified bitumen in engine oil. The effect of MMT on oil resistance of SBS modified bitumen can be explained by the formation of intercalated structure in MMT/SBS modified bitumen. It is believed that the formation of intercalated structure in MMT/SBS modified bitumen provides SBS modified bitumen with good barrier property to oil.