由《文選》哀傷賦探析六朝生命意識

A Study of Value of the Six-Dynasty by Reading "The Fu of Grief" in Chinese Literature "Wenxuan"

林登順(Deng-Shun Lin)

《遠東通識學報》 2卷2期 (2008/07) Pp. 1-18

https://doi.org/10.6795/JFEUGE.200807.0001

摘要

《文選》是目前所見最早的一部文學總集，而《文選》賦也是現存最早的一部賦集。漢魏六朝，賦具有獨特的地位，人們把它視為才能的展現。所以《文選》以賦類為首，所選又多為歷代名作。在《文選》賦十五類子目中，〈哀傷〉類有七篇作品，可說除了「體物」大賦〈京都〉類外，所錄最多的一類。究其因由，有歷史的積澱、時代的浸染、再加上人文的自覺。使得這類題材深度感染時代，生命主題在中古時期特別顯著。所以《文選》才提出具有生命意識的〈哀傷類〉賦七篇，有司馬相如〈長門賦〉、潘岳〈寡婦賦〉都是表現宮怨、閨怨題材。向秀〈思舊賦〉、潘岳〈懷舊賦〉則是以懷舊、悼亡為主。陸機〈歎逝賦〉、江淹〈恨賦〉〈別賦〉則充滿文人對生命流逝、人生不如意的敏感及對憾恨。其中就有六篇屬於這時期的作品。經由《文選》編錄的分析，及哀傷賦文本的探索，可以明顯感受六朝時期生命意識中，哀傷氛圍特別濃厚。這除了傳統的積澱外，戰亂頻仍、災疫肆虐，再加上政治的殺戮。凡此種種，使人對生命之無常感到震恐與迷惘。因此，強烈的生命憂患，就一直纏繞在六朝文人之心靈上，於是，從各種角度試著尋求發抒，而從文學作品中，就能看到一篇篇的生命悲歌。

關鍵字

文選 ； 六朝 ； 哀傷賦 ； 生命意識

並列摘要

Chinese Literature ”Wenxuan” is the earliest present literature collections, as well as is the earliest present fu rhyme prose. In Han, Wei, and the Six-dynasty, people consider outstanding writers for fu rhyme prose highly. Hence, fu rhyme prose is considered as priority type in ”Wenxuan”, and most of selected are masterpieces for centuries. Of fifteen genre in fu in ”Wenxuan”, seven works were chosen in ”grief” themes, which is only less than that of fu on the capital with Stylistic Significance. The reason of that might be for historical issues plus people's conscience about living and life itself is strong at that time.Therefore, seven chapters of fu ”grief” themes, which provide meaning of lives, were adopted in ”Wenxuan”, such as Sima Xiangru's ”Rhapsody on the Tall Gate Palace” and Pan Yue's ”widow fu” wrote grief involving living in emperor's palace, Xiang Xiu's ”Si Jiu Fu (Rhapsody on Recalling Old Friends” and Pan Yue's ”Rhapsody on Missing Old Friends” wrote grief involving missing old friends, and Lu Ji's ”Rhapsody on Recalling Past” and JIang-Ian's ”Rhapsody on Recalling unhappy memories” and ”Rhapsody on Recalling uncertainties of lives” wrote grief involving past unhappy memories and unforeseen future of lives. Of six chapters' works were written at this time.Intense grief atmosphere can be easily observed in time of the Six-Dynasty by reading extensive chapters in ”Wenxuan” and grief fu. That is not only for inheriting certain type of tradition from previous dynasty, it is also for frequent wars, infectious diseases, and slaughters for political causes. To sum that up, it makes living and meaning of self-existence become terrified and confused. Consequently, intensified fear of living is greatly influencing poets in the Six-dynasty. And to express these feelings, poets create many great pieces in literature from different approaches to the same topic.

並列關鍵字

Wenxuan ； the Six-Dynasty ； The Fu of Grief ； Life consciousness