性別與族群身分對女性原住民立委代表行為的影響

Negotiating Gender and Ethnic Identities: A Case Study on Two Taiwanese Female Aboriginal Legislators' Representative Behaviors

包正豪(C. H. Pao) ； 王蔚婷(Wei-Ting Wang) ； 黃雅倩(Ya-Chien Huang)

《台灣原住民族研究季刊》 5卷4期 (2012/12) Pp. 113-150

https://doi.org/10.29910/TJIS.201212.0005

摘要

台灣近年來女性參政比例逐年提高，族群意識（此處特指原住民）也日漸高漲，一個有趣的問題因而產生：當代表本身具有雙重身分認同時，即身為女性又身為原住民的同時，她們的性別身分和族群身分是否會對其代表行為產生影響？這雙重身分彼此間的交互作用為何？本研究嘗試透過檢視台灣女性原住民立委代表行為中的「議題取向」與「議題的實質內涵」，並將選舉制度對其行為產生中介的影響作用納入分析結構，用以區辨性別和族群身分如何影響女性原住民國會議員代表行為。研究結果發現性別與族群身分確實對研究對象的代表行為有所影響，但彼此之間的關係無法清楚地分割，而是呈現彼此交錯影響的現象。同時雖然性別身分在研究對象的身上都發揮影響作用，影響的脈絡仍然不同。至於族群身分方面，原漢二分的泛原住民族意識是影響代表行為的核心因素，它超越了人為分割平地與山地原住民的區隔，讓研究對象都站在泛原住民代表的位置，替所有原住民發聲。不過這樣的泛原住民意識同時也造成研究對象問政範圍的自我設限，並使其在非原住民議題的討論時被邊緣化。此外，選舉制度還是在其他層面扮演驅動問政重心改變的力量。以全國不分區方式當選的原住民立委，由於無需直接面對選民壓力，某種程度開始關心非原住民的議題，使其不只單純地扮演原住民代表的身分，而更進一步地以全體國民的代表自居。

關鍵字

原住民 ； 立法委員 ； 性別身分 ； 族群身分 ； 代表行為

並列摘要

The percentages for women's political participation are on the rise year by year in Taiwan, and so are ethnic identities (here particularly refers to aboriginal identity). An interesting question thus emerged: how would legislators' gender and ethnic identity come to affect their representative behavior in parliament when one is both female and from an aboriginal background? Moreover, how would the two (minority) identities interact with and relate to each other? This study aims to focus on ”the topic orientation” and ”the substantive content” in the representative behavior of the ethnic female parliament members in Taiwan. Electoral system will also be factored in to examine how gender and ethnic identity will influence their representative behavior.Findings revealed that representative behavior was influenced by one's gender and ethnic identity. However, it was difficult to compartmentalize the influence into neatly-defined gender-induced or ethnicity-induced categories; in fact, identities interacted with one another and the identity politics was complicated. On the one hand, although gender identity played a role in the representative behavior of the two studied legislators, the way it was manifested differed in individuals. On the other hand, the core understanding of their ethnic identity was formed by a dichotomous Han/Aborigine divide, transcending the politically-imposed differences between aboriginal tribes, enabling the studied legislators to develop a pan-aborigine identity to service the entire aboriginal community. Nevertheless, this kind of pan-aboriginal identity also became a self-imposed limitation in their representative behavior, exposing a tendency of being marginalized in the discussion of non-Aborigine issues. In addition to the identity politics, electoral system also impacted on legislator's representative behavior. The topic orientation and the substantive content in one's representative behavior were more diversified when one was not subject to the pressure constituency-based election results. The legislator would then be able to concern a wider range of topics and no longer be bound to ethnic issues.

並列關鍵字

aborigine ； legislator ； gender identity ； ethnic identity ； representative behavior

參考文獻

Barrett, Edith J.(1995).The Policy Priorities of African-American Women in State Legislatures.Legislative Studies Quarterly.20,223-247.

Bratton, Kathleen A.,Haynie, Kerry L.(1999).Agenda Setting and Legislative Success in State Legislatures: The Effects of Gender and Race.Journal of Politics.61,658-679.

Cain, Bruce,Ferejohn, John,Fiorina, Morris(1987).The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.

Cammisa, Anne M.,Reingold, Beth(2004).Women in State Legislatures and State Legislative Research: Beyond Sameness and Difference.State Politics & Policy Quarterly.4(2),181-210.

Thomas, Sue(ed.),Wilcox, Clyde(ed.)(1998).Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future.New York:Oxford University Press.