票據背書讓與效力－以日本法為中心

背書者，乃執票人對於他人，以轉讓票據權利或其他之目的，所為一種附屬的票據行為。票據債權與一般債權相同的，係得以讓與他人，故本文就背書之三大效力：（1）權利移轉的效力；（2）權利擔保的效力；及（3）資格授與的效力為探討。（1）票據權利之讓與當然以背書最為正統，但縱使依背書讓與，附屬於票據上之擔保權、質權是否隨之移轉予受讓人，或不依背書讓與而依通常債權讓與方式是否可行。至於不發生權利轉移之背書，有委任取款背書、設質背書，及若因背書斷絕後再為背書，被背書人係無法取得權利。但須為舉證責任，始得行使權利。而期後背書仍有移轉的效力，但以背書人所取得之權利為限。（2）背書人對被背書人及其後手負擔保承兌及付款之責，此為償還義務人連帶責任，背書本質為債權讓與，故擔保責任係為了強化票據流通力，票據法所特別承認之法定責任。但諸如委任取款背書、背書人禁止背書、期後背書等，並無擔保的效力。（3）執票人背書連續時，即被賦與不舉證自己為真正權利人，亦得行使票據上權利之形式的資格；除得行使權利外，付款人若對其付款，有善意付款免責之效力；及若屬善意或無重大過失從無權利人受讓，亦受善意受讓之保護。執票人若背書連續，即被推定為真正權利人，此乃法律上之權利人之權利推定，背書若欠缺連繞，執票人因此無執票人之形式的資格而已，執票人僅舉證該背書不連續部分之實質的權利，即得行使權利，為架橋說（舉證證明權利說）見解。本專題為票據法之傳統專題，本人大膽的以日本學說及判例為依據，原則上以鈴木竹雄、田中誠二等多數學者之著書及論文為主；對照本國學者集中於鄭玉波、陳鈨雄、王志誠等人之見解為探討。

關鍵字

背書；通常債權讓與；權利移轉的效力；權利擔保的效力；資格授與的效力；無擔保背書；期後背書；禁止背書；委任取款背書；設質背書；背書連續

並列摘要

Every bill of exchange, even if not expressly drawn to order, may be transferred by means of endorsement. When the drawer has inserted in a bill of exchange the words not to order or an equivalent expression, the instrument effects, of an ordinary assignment. The bill may be endorsed even in favor of the drawee, whether he has accepted or not, of any other party to the bill. The persons may re-endorse the bill. An endorsement transfers all rights arising out of a bill of exchange. In the absence of any contrary stipulation, the endorser guarantees acceptance and payment. He may prohibit any further endorsement; in this case, he gives no guarantee to the person to whom the bill is subsequently endorsed. The possessor of a bill exchange is deemed to be the lawful holder, if he establishes his title to the bill through an uninterrupted series of endorsement, even if the last endorsement is in blank. The drawee who pays at maturity is validly discharged, unless he has been guilty of fraud or gross negligence. He is bound to verify the regularity of the series of endorsements, but not the signature of the endorsers.