經由無權限人之票據行為－以日本法為中心

本文係探討無權限人所為之票據行為將發生何種效力？無權限之票據行為﹕（1）無權代理，包括以代理人形式之無權代理，及無權代行。票據行為不僅得由本人為之，亦得經由他人為之，若經由他人（行為人）直接表示於票據上之代理方式，如他人名義未被表示於票據上之代行方式。行為人若直接蓋上本人章別無問題，但如行為人代行本人之簽名，仍可成立。但須行為人曾被賦與代理權，並得識別係行為人所親筆書寫，即無否定本人責任之必要。（2）第三人如對無權代理人相信其有代理權之情事時，就其所發生情事，得認定係本人須負責時，亦使本人負其責任。（3）如屬越權代理，依日本通說採代理人全額責任說，亦即代理權之範圍內，係本人與越權代理人負重疊責任，但本人僅能追究代理權範圍內責任。故為了保護執票人，得以對代理人追究全額責任。此對照我票據法第10條第2項，明文規定代理人逾越權限，就其權限外部分，亦應自負票據上責任，係與日本通說之代理人全額責任說相同。（4）若屬票據偽造時，宜肯定偽造人負票據上責任，如此可避免執票人舉證偽造人之故意、過失，並且得請求實際受害額。至於針對偽造學說，宜採偽造人行為說，偽造人為了自己而為票據行為，不論其使用何種名義當負票據行為之責任，如此要比採類推無權代理說更為合理。（5）票據偽造效果如係無效，其追認乃追認無效行為（日民119）。原本將偽造考慮為接近無權代理之立場，但現今學說已擴大其立場，肯定追認偽造票據而具有溯及力，既然承認代理方式之蓋章代行情形，所欠缺權限亦因追認而得被補正，即對票據發生強大信賴，故得承認因追認而具有溯及力。本篇所引用之文獻自1980年代至2005年前後，資料上可能較為陳舊，但基本理論並不衰退。除以日手形法條文為主外，並附加1988年之「聯合國國際匯票及國際本票公約」條文，而適應時代趨勢。論述上或有重複之處，乃為了完整交代前後內容，使文義能更明確而已。

關鍵字

票據之無權代理；票據之代行；票據之表見代理；票據之偽造；偽造之追認；票據之簽名

並列摘要

＂Signature＂ means a handwritten signature, an equivalent authentication effected by any other means; ＂forged signature＂ includes a signature by the wrongful use of such means. A person who signs an instrument in a name which is not own is liable as if he had signed it is own name. If an instrument bears forged signatures, or signatures of fictitious person, or signatures which for any other reason cannot bind the persons who signed the instrument or whose behalf it was signed, the obligations of the other persons who have signed it are none the less valid. Whosoever puts his signature on an instrument as representing a person for whom he had no power to act in bound himself as a party to the instrument and if he pays, has the same rights as the person for whom he purported to act. The same rule applies to a representation who has exceed his power. A signature may be made by an agent or other representative, and his authority to make it may be established as in other cases of representation. A forged signature on an instrument does not impose any liability on the person whose signature was forged . However, if the consents to be bound by the forged signature represents that it is his own, he is liable as if he had signed the instrument himself. A signature placed on an instrument by a person as agent but who lacks authority to sign or exceeds his authority, imposes liability on the person whom he purports to represent. No particular form of appointment is necessary to establish such authority. Any unauthorized signature is wholly inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed unless he ratifies it or is precluded from denying it; but it operates as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of any person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. Any unauthorized signature ratified. Such ratification does not of itself affect any rights of the person ratifying against the actual signer.