導航衛星系統星系進展：2022

「無線電導航」（Radio Navigation, RN）由第一次世界大戰時期「無線電定向」（Radio Direction Finding, RDF）的發展開始，至1962年，大功率地基的RN系統LORAN-C，已部署於至少15個國家。而近代最重大的進展，應為1978年2月美國首次發射「全球定位系統」（GPS）。目前除了幾乎全面改變測量的常規作業型態，更對民生發生極大幅度的影響。究其發展，總體上，「無線電導航衛星系統」（Radio Navigation Satellite System, RNSS）是以漸進式的進化型態為主。由各個系統之涵蓋，可區分為「全球」（Global）與「區域」（Regional）系統。當下，已有四個全球系統，包含GPS、GLONASS、BeiDou、Galileo，以及兩個區域系統，NavIC、QZSS。除了多星系、多頻率的發展，訊號編碼與調制的技術亦在精進中。本文以「星系」面向，探討RNSS進展之內涵，並探討多系統整合應用的技術需求與挑戰。

關鍵字

中地球軌道；地球同步軌道；訊號編碼

並列摘要

The realization of radio navigation (RN) started with the radio direction finding (RDF) system developed during the time of the first World War. By 1962, LORAN-C, a ground based large power RN system, had been deployed in at least 15 nations. Moving forward, the most significant development in the modern era would be the launch of GPS in February of 1978. Since then, GPS has not just changed operations within the field of surveying, but also impacted contemporary human life styles. Looking back to the progress of radio navigation satellite systems (RNSS), it is featured as evolutionary incremental developments. Based on the coverage of each individual RNSS, two classes, global and regional, are identified. At present, there are four global systems: namely, GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo, as well as two regional systems: NavIC and QZSS. Besides significant progress made towards multi-constellation, multi-frequency, systems, the coding scheme has also been refined and updated. This article addresses the development in satellite constellations, and explores the technique for the integration of observations from multiple systems for surveying and navigation.

並列關鍵字

Medium Earth Orbit ； Geosynchronous Orbit ； signal coding scheme

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