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透視有限生命以喚醒心靈無限價值的通識經典教育－以儒、道、釋經典為例
SEEING THROUGH THE LIMITED LIFE TO AWAKEN THE INFINITE SPIRITUAL VALUE OF THE GENERAL EDUCATION CLASSICS-TAKE CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, AND BUDDHISM AS EXAMPLES
摘要
因所得生活資源有限，以及面對死亡問題，都讓人感受到生命的有限性。但人的自由意志卻能創造精神價值，通向境界上的無限。大學中的通識教育，也應為學生指出開啟心靈無限價值的途徑。21世紀在全球化潮流中，通識教育應聚焦於：（一）心靈覺醒教育，（二）經典閱讀教育，（三）環境素養教育等三個新方向。而儒、道、佛三大哲學的經典名篇能透視生命的有限性，讓心靈覺醒，通向無限價值。儒者體會了天道的無限性，所以常能樂天知命，即使在資源不足的環境中也能保有快樂的心境。而且真誠對待自己的生命，有始有終、認真負責地完成身為一個人的本分。所以當生命結束時，君子不說「死」而說「終」。道家「道」的運行作用是無為的，非目的性的，「無心無為」讓心靈可以有最大的自由度，莊子「逍遙遊」以大鵬鳥象徵心靈逍遙遊於天地之間。莊子認為生死是一體的，生命並不像一條線，反而更像四季變化循環般無始無終。佛教認為「苦」是生命的本質。這是由於「無明」，也就是對宇宙人生的不正確認識所引起的。了解「緣起性空」，就能平息煩惱，乃至於解脫生死，達到不生不滅的涅槃境界。
並列摘要
Due to the limited living resources and the inevitable death, people can feel the finiteness of life. In the 21st century, general education should focus on 3 new directions: (1) spiritual awakening education, (2) classic reading education, (3) environmental literacy education. The classic masterpieces of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism can help people awaken the mind and lead to infinite value. Confucianists can maintain a happy mood even in an environment with insufficient resources. Besides, they sincerely treat their life from the beginning to the end and fulfill the duties of being a person seriously and responsibly. Therefore, when life ends, the Confucianists do not call it ＂death＂, but ＂end＂. The operation of Taoists' ＂Taoism＂ is inaction and non-purpose. ＂Without intention and without action＂ allows the soul to have the greatest freedom. Zhuang Zhou believed that life is like a cycle of four seasons without beginning and end. Buddhism believes that ＂suffering＂ is the essence of life, which is due to ＂ignorance,＂ that is, an incorrect understanding of life in the universe. Understanding ＂dependence on origination and the emptiness of nature＂ can help people resolve problems.
延伸閱讀
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- 李虹叡、蔡蕙如、許修齊（2012）。古典文本中生命與品格教育的多元思考一以《論語》資材為例。高醫通識教育學報，(7)，62-92。https://doi.org/10.6453/KMUJGE.201212.0062
- 王邦雄（2012）。中國人的生命哲學－從儒、道、釋三家思想的整合與會通說起。宗教哲學，(62)，1-12。https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.201212_(62).0002
- 吳甿（2016）。The Fundamental Character of Confucianism and Chinese Culture: Reflections on the Loss of the Intellectual Tradition in the Modern Era。鵝湖月刊，(496)，2-19。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=18133738-201610-201611240017-201611240017-2-19
- 張崑將（2015）。An Exploration of Reflection upon the Concept of ＂East Asian Confucianism＂ Among Intellectuals Involved in the Revival of Confucianism。哲學與文化，42(9)，69-91。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=10158383-201509-201511120011-201511120011-69-91