《資治通鑑》的文學性何以不如《史記》

The Reasons Why the Literariness of Zi Zhi Tong Jian is Inferior to That of Shiji

施寬文(Shi, Kuan-Wen)

《嘉大中文學報》 14期 (2021/03) Pp. 239-270

摘要

司馬遷與司馬光並稱「史學兩司馬」，二人所著之《史記》與《資治通鑑》分別是中國史學紀傳體與編年體史書的傳世巨著，惟《史記》的文學成就膾炙人口，《資治通鑑》的文學價值，雖有梁啟超、張須、瞿蛻園諸人之稱譽，兩相比較，畢竟稍遜一籌。究其原由，既有二司馬的賦性、時代、處境之異，也有二人修史目的、官修私修之不同。若就文本之形象、想像、語言與情感四方面加以衡量，則二司馬之敘史在歷史人事形象上皆能具體生動，惟因賦性與時代之異，司馬遷想像恢詭，司馬光則拘謹質實。至於敘史語言，二人並皆簡潔，且能擬肖人物之個性語言，惟時代與處境不同，司馬光顯豁明白，司馬遷則蘊藉隱晦。在情感方面，司馬光承英宗之命編著《通鑑》，目的在於經世致用，理性而務實；司馬遷在宮刑之後寫作《史記》，則有藉由歷史敘事以「發憤」之用心，故而其敘史常隱寓一己身世之感，藉史抒情，而有「無韻之〈離騷〉」的崇高評價。

關鍵字

通鑑 ； 史記 ； 形象 ； 想像 ； 語言 ； 情感

並列摘要

Sima Qian and Sima Guang, called ＂two Sima in historiography＂,＂ wrote two masterpieces. The former wrote Shiji (The Records of the Grand Historian) by presenting history in a series of biographies, while the latter wrote Zi Zhi Tong Jian (The History Run-through Authentication) with an annalistic style. However, Shiji has achieved extraordinary accomplishments in literature, and has higher literary value than Zi Zhi Tong Jian, which was highly praised by Liang Qichao, Chang Xu and Qu Tuiyuan though. In comparison, Zi Zhi Tong Jian is considered not as good as Shiji. When it comes to the reasons, differences in their inborn nature as well as generations and situations they lived in have to be taken into consideration. In addition, their purposes for compiling history, and whether they complied history officially or personally also cannot be overlooked. In this study, their texts are evaluated based on four aspects: image, imagination, language and emotion. First, both of them described the image of historic figures and events in specific and vivid ways. Because of their differences in inborn nature and generations, the imagination of Sima Qian is absurd and odd while that of Sima Guang is cautious and practical. As to the language for describing narrating history, both of them wrote in a concise way, and the language accurately presenting the personality of each character. However, due to the differences in generations and situations, the language that Sima Guang used is more direct and more specific, while the one that Sima Qian applied is less direct and less specific. In terms of emotions, Sima Guang, ordered by Emperor Yingzong of Song Dynasty, wrote Zi Zhi Tong Jian for the purpose of being able to be applied to the world, which sounds rational and pragmatic. In contrast, Sima Qian wrote Shiji after being castrated, and his purpose was to ＂make a firm resolution＂ by narrating historical events. As a result, he expressed his emotions through the narration of history, which contained metaphors of his feelings about his life experience, and Shiji is highly regarded as ＂unrhymed Lisao.＂

並列關鍵字

Tong Jian ； Shiji ； image ； imagination ； language ； emotion