歐洲中古大學組織的類型－以波隆納大學與巴黎大學為例

The Types of the Medieval Universities-A Focus on Bologna University and Paris University

陳淑貞(Shu-Chen Chen)

《史學研究》 17期 (2003/07) Pp. 99-125

https://doi.org/10.29438/THR.200307.0005

摘要

中古時期的教育是由教會所主導，主要以修道院與主教座堂學校來訓練神職人員。從12世紀開始，西班牙的阿拉伯學者開始將新知識傳入西歐，新知識加上俗人參與教育，中古大學便是從訓練世俗教士的主教座堂學校脫胎出來，逐漸形成一種傳授知識的學人基爾特，其組織和任務皆和中古時期其他的基爾特相似。中古大學的組織因學習環境以及學生成員背景不同而有所差異，基本上可分為兩種，分別以波隆納大學與巴黎大學為典型代表，這兩所大學對日後其他歐洲大學的形成影響極大。在國家設立大學之前，許多歐洲大學的形成與組織分別是依循這兩所大學。兩所大學因為學校所在地的不同而形成截然不同的型態，在形成過程、學校組織、師生互動、與城市關係等方面有其相似性和差異性。本文主要的目的是探討波隆納與巴黎二所大學，時間斷限從兩所大學興起到十三世紀為止。首先將討論兩所大學形成的過程，接著分析兩所大學組織的型態以及學校組織與師生關係的差異性，最後論及中古大學與城市之間的關係。

關鍵字

中古大學 ； 巴黎 ； 波隆納 ； 基爾特 ； 法學

並列摘要

In the middle Ages, the Christian Church usually had monastic schools and Cathedral schools for the education of monks and clergies. Since the revival of Medieval Commerce, non-clerical participants in these schools increased. The trend was reinforced during the twelfth Century, when a great influx of new knowledge came into Western Europe from Arabians scholars in Spain. Thus, the increasing of secular participants in education burst the bonds of the monastery and Cathedral Schools created a learned professional group. In order to protect themselves, this learned profession group founded guilds, as the other trades workers would do. These academic guilds were the foundation of Medieval Universities.There are two great Mother Universities in the middle Ages-Bologna and Paris. Separated and distinct in almost every aspect, furthermore they dominated the intellectual life of Europe; from these fertile centers proceed the quickening influences that gave rise to almost all the universities of Europe. The main purpose of this article is to explore Bologna University and Paris University, from their founding to thirteenth Century when they were well established. While comparisons were made between these two universities of their school structure, this article would further analyze the relation between teacher and student and their interaction. Since most of medieval universities were basically urban-oriented, the relation between these Universities and their local cities were also put into explored.

並列關鍵字

The Medieval Universities ； Paris ； Bologna ； Guilds ； Jurisprudence