第二次世界大戰後美國黑人博物館運動－以杜莎伯非洲裔美國人歷史博物館的創建為例

美國是一個多元族群組成的國家，建國諸賢雖揭櫫人生而平等，但此理想並未包含黑人（或稱非洲裔美國人）在內。黑人長期受到隔離和歧視的不平等待遇，尤其是從內戰後到1960年代實施的金克勞法案，不但使黑人在政治、經濟上受到壓迫，同時抑制黑人的自尊心。而在黑人受到壓迫的同時，自18世紀起，一些文化機構如大學的博物館、教會、協會，開始保存黑人的歷史文化。到了二戰之後，有更多以發揚黑人文化的黑人博物館成立，共計100 間以上，他們標榜由黑人規劃、營運的博物館，並期透過這個永久性的文化機構，將自身的歷史文化詮釋權力掌握在黑人手中。本文試圖從美國博物館的歷史發展，以及黑人意識的覺醒，探討黑人博物館運動發生的時代背景，並以第一個由私人團體籌設的黑人博物館——杜莎伯非洲裔美國人歷史博物館的創建為例，說明黑人如何透過博物館這個文化機構，積極爭取黑人在美國歷史上應有的地位。

關鍵字

黑人；非洲裔美國人；黑人博物館；黑人意識；杜莎伯博物館；瑪格麗特．柏勒茲

並列摘要

America is a multiethnic nation, though the founding fathers claim that all men are created equal, but actually the Blacks (African Americans) are not included. The Blacks suffered from segregation and discrimination for a long time, especially the implementation of Jim Crow laws (from postbellum to 1960s). The laws not only made Blacks face the political and economic unequal treatment, but suppressed the Black's self-respect.For terminating the plight that the Blacks experienced, it occurred the Civil Right movement in 1960s. And during the difficult era, some cultural institutions such as museums in the University, churches, and associations embarked the collections of Black history and culture. After WWII, more than 100 Black museums were established to preserve Black heritage, they are planned and operated by the Blacks. It signified that the power to interpret Blacks culture came back to their own hands.This article is synthesized the development of American museums and the wakening of Blacks ethnic consciousness to articulate the development of Black Museum Movement and exemplified the establishment of The DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago. It also explores the commitment of the Blacks to preserve their own culture as the cultural practice of struggling the equal status in American history.

並列關鍵字

The Blacks ； African Americans ； Black Museum Movement ； Black consciousness ； DuSable Museum ； Margaret Burroughs

國際替代計量

第二次世界大戰後美國黑人博物館運動－以杜莎伯非洲裔美國人歷史博物館的創建為例

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