史達林時期蘇聯對東正教的宗教政策轉變之探討

Research on the Change of Religious Policy towards Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union during the Stalin Period

羅詠駿(Yoong-jiun Loh)

《史學研究》 29期 (2018/07) Pp. 147-185

摘要

西元988年，即基輔羅斯大公弗拉基米爾接受了傳自拜占庭帝國的基督教（即東正教）作為國教，使得羅斯人告別了多神信仰，正式以東正教信仰作為自身文化與思想的根基，至今已有一千年的歷史。因此，東正教與俄羅斯的歷史、國家、民族、文化、思想等可說是互相依附的。1917年俄曆10月25日，俄羅斯爆發了十月革命，共產黨奪取了俄羅斯的政權，俄羅斯國家政權和社會性質因此發生了根本性的變化。而無神論作為共產黨的核心思想之一，自然就施行了各種手段以打壓東正教。1929年至三十年代末期正是史達林體制逐步形成的時期，而東正教作為這時期的「階級敵人」自然也受到了新一波的打壓與迫害。直到1941年希特勒正式對蘇聯發起戰爭時（蘇聯方面稱此戰爭為衛國戰爭），史達林為了拉攏東正教作為抗戰反法西斯的盟友時，才開始對東正教停止迫害，並做出了許多惠及東正教的政策。因此，本文將會探討1929年至1945年時期史達林的宗教政策，並以1941年爆發的衛國戰爭作為中間線切分，以此瞭解史達林在戰前與戰後這兩段時期對宗教政策的改變與其原因。

關鍵字

東正教 ； 史達林 ； 蘇聯 ； 宗教政策

並列摘要

In 988 A.D., the Grand Prince of Kiev, Vladimir the Great converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Christianity) due to proselytization from the Byzantine Empire and he changed the state religion to Christianity. As a result, the Rus People converted to Christianity from Paganism, relying on the Orthodox faith as the foundation of their own culture and thought for more than one thousand years till now. Therefore, the history, state, ethnicity, culture, and thought of Russia can be said to be interdependent with the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. On 7 November (O.S. 25 October) 1917, the October Revolution occurred in Russia. The Communist Party seized power and controlled Russia. As a result, there was a fundamental change of political power and society in Russia. As Atheism is one of the core ideas of the Communist Party, the new regime undertook various initiatives to suppress and prosecute the Orthodox Church. When Joseph Stalin consolidated his power from 1929 till the end of 1930s, the Orthodox Church was the ＂class enemy＂ in this period and naturally subjected to a new wave of suppression and persecution. However, this situation changed when Nazi Germany waged war against the Soviet Union in 1941 (this was referred as the Great Patriotic War in Soviet Union). In order to win the support of the Orthodox Church as an ally against the Fascist invasion, Stalin ceased persecution against the Orthodox Church and introduced various policies which were beneficial to the Orthodox Church. Therefore, this study will investigate Stalin's religious policy from 1929 to 1945, and partition these periods into pre-1941 and post-1941 as the Great Patriotic War broke out. This is to understand the shift of Stalin's religious policy between pre-war and post-war and explores the cause of these changes.

並列關鍵字

Orthodox Church ； Stalin ； Soviet Union ； Religious Policy