台灣漢語方言中的言語忌諱－以台灣閩南話、客家話、馬祖閩東話和軍話為例

Taboos of Taiwan Southern Min Dialect, Hakka, Eastern Min Dialect and Military Expressions

張屏生(Ping-Sheng Chang)

《東華中文學報》 3期 (2009/12) Pp. 103-118

https://doi.org/10.7000/NJCLL.200912.0103

摘要

所謂「避諱語」是指禁忌和避諱的語言，那是基於人性中總有一些尷尬卻又不得不面對的狀態。忌諱是一種特定社會的風俗習慣，人們面對「生、老、病、死、飲食、排泄、身體缺陷、生育、某些生理現象（如月經）……」等情況，在忌諱的訴求下，所採取的語言策略，一種是迴避，就是盡量不去使用這些避諱語；當人們無法迴避，而又不得不點明這種名物或動作時，人們就不得不用隱喻來暗示人家不願說出的東西，用曲折的表達來提示雙方都知道但不願意點破的事物，那就是用替代的方式。替代詞的表現形式（包括語音和詞彙）會因為自然環境、文化環境、社會環境和人群彼此互動的關係而產生不同的變化。替代詞的產生會引發詞彙音義的改變，而透顯出語言發展的另外途徑。因為這種變化經常超溢出語音演變的一般規律，所以會引發出突兀的字音變化和詞彙替換。本文擬通過方言調查的材料歸納出詞彙替代的思考路徑。本文所使用的材料全部都是來自於筆者從事台灣漢語方言（包括閩南話、客家話、閩東話、軍話）調查所得的語料。通過筆者所調查的語料當中替代的方式如下：一、形象替代二、改換音讀三、趨吉避凶四、以雅代俗五、以大指小六、以外來詞替換七、其他

並列摘要

Taboos are some words or expressions avoided and evaded on the basis of some reasons that the embarrassment inevitable always happen on the occasions in our human nature when used. What's more, taboos are some peculiar customs and habits when people are faced with ”birth, age, disease, death , eating, defecating, body defect , reproduction, some physical phenomena such as menses and so on”, on the condition of avoidance in some expressions by taking another ones instead. Under the circumstances of appeals made to meet the demand, one strategy we should take in language is evasion which is meant that we do our level best to avoid using those taboos. When the taboos are unavoidable, and hence, people can not help but use them to name something or some actions, they tend to use metaphors suggestive of the thing s people are unwilling to name directly. Instead, they take advantage of indirect ways to replace what they mean, which are understood by both of them. That is, they use euphemism to be in lieu of the direct taboos. The representative forms of euphemistic expressions (inclusive of their phonetics and vocabulary) vary according to natural environment, social surroundings and the relationships of mutual reaction between crowd and crow, The birth of Euphemism will result in some variations in phonetic meanings, which shows another way of language development. Due to the fact that the variations are often excessively against the regulations of the phonetic development, which will contribute to the strangeness of phone tic variation and word substitution. This subject will sum up the thinking way of word substitutes via the corpora from dialectical investigations. All the corpora used in this subject are from my personal field study of Taiwan Han dialects, including Southern Min dialect, Hakka, Eastern Min dialect and military words and expressions) Several aspects of the euphemistic substitution via my investigations are as follows:一、Image substitution 二、The change of phonetic reading 三、Pursuing good fortune instead of bad 四、Gracefulness in place of vulgarity 五、Bigness suggestive of smallness 六、Foreign terms substitution 七、Others