黑格爾的歷史哲學－精神、理性與自由

Hegel's Philosophy of History-Spirit, Reason and Freedom

郭鴻德(Hung-Te Kuo)

《藝術與文化論衡》 4期 (2014/12) Pp. 109-124

摘要

黑格爾是最後一位建構百科全書式哲學體系的哲學家，相對於他的其它晦澀艱深的著作，黑格爾的《歷史哲學》則充滿巧思與親和性，也因此成為理解黑格爾辯證思維與政治思想的重要作品。本論文主要旨趣在於揭示並反思黑格爾的歷史哲學中所的主要概念：精神、理性與自由，精神作為歷史主體，理性作為精神前進的動力，自由則是精神的本質。黑格爾歷史哲學將三者結合起來，論證人類歷史正是從低文明盲從無知的束縛中解放開來，至高度文明的法律制度的發展過程，一種精神的理性啟蒙過程。換言之，世界歷史是合於理性的自由進程，歷史哲學就是「揭示現實世界中的上帝圖像」，黑格爾所指稱的上帝，並不是基督宗教的神，而是思辨理性的絕對精神，所謂的歷史就是絕對精神的自我實現的過程－自由的軌跡。就實證論者而言，歷史事蹟充滿著偶然、機遇與非理性因素，從而將《歷史哲學》劃歸為欠缺經驗價值的形而上學範疇，其實正是這種二分法抹殺了人類客觀且包容地看待事物的理性價值，人類也將因此喪失了自身的歷史價值，這正是黑格爾歷史哲學所教導給我們的謙遜態度：昨日之是乃今日之非，今日之是，亦將為明日之非，歷史業績是異質融合且相互承繼的。

關鍵字

世界歷史 ； 精神 ； 自由 ； 理性

並列摘要

Hegel was the last philosopher setting up the type of encyclopedic philosophical system. Relative to his other difficult and obscure writings, Hegel's ＂Lectures on the philosophy of history＂ permeated with ingenuity and affinity, thus become one of the important works understanding Hegelian dialectical thinking and political thought. The main end of this paper is to reveal and rethink the main concepts of Hegel's philosophy of history, that's the Spirit, Reason and Freedom. ＂Spirit＂ considered as the subject of history, ＂Reason＂ as the improve power of the ＂spirit＂, and ＂Freedom＂ as the essence of the ＂Spirit＂. Hegel combined these three concepts in his philosophy of history and demonstrated human history a kind of rational enlightenment process, from a blindly ignorant civilization to a highly civilized legal system. In other words, the world history is the process of rational freedom. Historical philosophy is to reveal the image of God in the real world .Hegel alleged God is not the God of Christianity, but the absolute spirit of rational speculation, the so-called history is a process for self-actuality of the absolute spirit-a path of freedom. On positivist, the history is full of stories of chance, opportunity and irrational factors, so historical philosophy to be classified as a realm of metaphysics lack of experienced value. In fact, it is this dichotomy obliterate the mankind rational value of looking at things objectively and generously, then humans will also lose their historical value .Which is what Hegel in the ＂philosophy of history＂ taught to us ＂the attitude of humility＂-Historical performance is diverse integration and mutual succession, the ＂right＂ yesterday is the ＂wrong＂ today, and the ＂right＂ today is also the ＂wrong＂ tomorrow.

並列關鍵字

World History ； Spirit ； Freedom ； Reason