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營造廠商競爭策略之研究—從規模經濟及範圍經濟的角度

CONSTRUCTION FIRMS' COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES: AN INVESTIGATION FROM THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE PERSPECTIVE

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摘要


營造廠商普遍視「公共工程」及「私人開發」為兩種不同的競爭市場,而產品利潤及生產資源是其經濟行動決策的重要參數。因此,每間廠商在實踐公司營運目標的過程中所呈現出來的競爭樣貌各不相同。在競爭的意義上,廠商首先必須要決定它的「市場範疇」(market scope),其次,便是在這個「生態位」(niche)中的生存方式。為了釐清並歸納這些多樣化的生產邏輯,本研究採取「規模經濟」(economies of scale)及「範圍經濟」(economies of scope)的論述角度,探究營造廠商如何制訂並調整他們的經濟生產策略。本研究根據公共工程市場交易的總體資訊,以及南部地區六家中大型營造廠商的個案訪談;研究發現如下:首先,由於土木工程的生產特性,廠商將有機會因投資特定生產資源(機具、材料或工班)而穩定生產地位,甚至寡占某一產品市場,而資源的多樣性則允許了個體運作不同的競爭策略;因此,從巨觀的層面上來看,「公共工程市場」便是一個存在多種不同競爭者類型的「範圍經濟」。相較之下,營造廠商在「私人開發市場」中受制於風險與不確定性,產品的類型及行動的空間都會侷限在一定的運作邊界內,市場中能夠允許廠商生存的空間也非常有限,因此這是一個生存空間相當有限的「規模經濟」。最後,本研究發現,公共工程市場是一個讓強者恆強,弱者恆弱的競爭生態,政府若持續地擴大公共工程的投資,其實只是擴大廠商的發展差距,並無助於提升營造產業多樣化的競爭力。

並列摘要


Public works and private projects constitute the market ecology of construction firms' operation. To be competitive and to survive, a construction firm must take profit and the production resources involved to make business strategies in order to inhabit a market niche. It is our aims in this article to investigate the varieties and the causes of variations in this competitive ecology. We use the economies of scale and scope perspectives, based our investigation on the total transaction record of national public works, to conduct in-depth interviews with six southern Taiwan construction firms. We find that (1) by nature of civil engineering works, those who own machines, materials and subcontractors can enter the market without difficulty and stabilize it; to some extent, monopolize it. Therefore, the domain of public works is an economy of scope that allows each individual construction firm to perform differentiated economies of scale. (2) The domain of private projects allows only limited space for construction firms to survive unless they invest timely and wisely on broadening the scope of their operations. (3) Expanding public works can only enhance the survival of the largest and reduce the chances for small construction firms to compete in this specific ecology.

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