新一代低層大氣無人機探空系統

大氣垂直剖面的資料對於天氣預報、飛航安全、軍事活動皆相當重要。要取得詳細的大氣狀態（溫度、溼度、壓力）探空資料，過去經常使用的觀測方法多採用探空氣球，利用填充氦氣的乳膠氣球掛載芬蘭Vaisala公司生產的探空儀設備，藉由無線電接收即時資料，探空儀為一次性使用，進口成本高且會造成廢棄物環境污染。近年來無人機技術日趨成熟，亦有不少研究應用於大氣觀測與空氣污染上，惟達例行作業目標仍有一段差距。本研究介紹一套自主研發、全機未含中國製零組件，與中央氣象署（原中央氣象局）共同合作的低層大氣無人機探空系統，全系統包含四軸旋翼無人機、大氣感測儀Aeromount以及地面接收站。本系統所採用的無人機具備防潑水，可以於雨天作業，抗風性經過實際測試能抗七級風，垂直飛行高度能達到3,000公尺，透過地面飛控軟體，可以達成任務路徑規劃、飛航參數上傳、自動起飛與自動返航，及無人機飛航資料與狀態即時回傳等功能，完全實現自控飛行無需人為操作控制。大氣感測儀Aeromount整合探空常規的測項如溫度、溼度、氣壓外，還增加了PM_(2.5)與姿態感測等微型傳感器，其中姿態感測資料可用以反演垂直剖面上的風速和風向。透過參與2020年宜蘭強降水觀測實驗，藉由和Vaisala探空資料比對，驗證此系統的可行性及穩定性，定量描述此探空系統觀測各項參數的不確定性及未來改進的方向。除此之外，我們也藉由三個觀測個案作為範例，展現此系統在劇烈降雨、PM_(2.5)空污事件、海陸風環流的觀測應用潛力。整體而言，本研究所開發的新一代低層大氣無人機探空系統，展現國際領先的技術，具備提供大氣探空常規作業化的潛力。

關鍵字

無人機；大氣觀測技術；探空儀；大氣感測器

並列摘要

The data of atmospheric vertical profile are very important for weather forecast, aviation safety, and military activities. In order to obtain detailed atmospheric state (temperature, humidity, pressure) sounding data, the observation method often used in the past mostly used sounding balloons to mount the radiosonde produced by Vaisala Company in Finland. The radiosonde is for one-time use and can cause waste pollution. The import cost also considers high. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has become more and more mature, and many researches have been applied to atmospheric observation and air pollution, but there is still a gap in reaching the goal of routine operations. This study introduces a self-developed low-level atmospheric UAV sounding system that cooperates with the Central Weather Administration. The whole system includes a quadrotor drone, an atmospheric sensor unit (Aeromount), and a ground station for data transmission. This system is IP65 and can operate in rainy days. The maximum wind speed for allowing operation is 13.9 m/s. The maximum flight altitude reaches 3,000 meters. Through the ground flight control software, mission path planning, uploading flight parameters, automatic take-off and automatic return, and real-time transmission of flight data can be done without human intervention. Aeromount integrates sensors such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure, PM_(2.5) and motion. The motion sensing data can be used to retrieve the wind speed and wind direction on the vertical profile. An inter-comparison experiment was carried to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of this system during the Yilan heavy rainfall observation experiment in 2020. The uncertainty of various parameters was quantitatively described and the direction of future improvement were addressed. In addition, we also provide three observation cases as examples (e.g., severe rainfall, PM_(2.5) air pollution, and land-sea breeze) to demonstrate the application potential of this system. Overall, the new generation of lower atmosphere UAV sounding system has world-leading technology and shows the potential to implement as routine operation.

並列關鍵字

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ； atmospheric observation technology ； sounding ； atmospheric sensors

參考文獻

柯立晉、王聖翔、黃翔昱、王悅晨、莊翔富、洪若雅、游志淇、張順欽，2018，〈應用無人機觀測大氣邊界層結構〉，《航測及遙測學刊》，23（2），頁 103-113。doi:10.6574/JPRS.201806_23(2).0003

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Brady J. M., Stokes M. D., Bonnardel J., and Bertram T. H., 2016, “Characterization of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft System for Aerosol-Particle-Concentration Measurements,” Environmental Science & Technology, 50(3), 1376-1383. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b05320

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