利他與偽善的演化賽局分析：兼論「德福一致」信念的弔詭

本文引用經濟學者Frank（1988）的論證模式，在囚犯困境的賽局報酬結構中，以演化賽局模型加入辨識成本因素，模擬分析利他者與偽善者的人口比例（長期穩定均衡點）。結果發現：（1）演化的結果必然是利他者與偽善者共存。（2）「辨識偽善者的成本」下降會導致利他者的人口比例增加。利他者比例的增加將會帶來利他者與偽善者的利益都增加，但也帶來社會的不正義（偽善者的利益會高於利他者）。（3）由於宣揚利他主義（促使利他者人口比例增加）帶來的不只是利他者獲利，偽善者的獲利更大，因此利他行為成了一個「無反對者」的道德信念。每一個人（利他者與偽善者）皆「講」利他。（4）根據上述結果，本文進而以一個新的角度來討論傳統文化中「德福一致」的問題。「德福一致」本是一個「社會正義」方面的信念（善有善報惡有惡報），然而教化或信仰此一信念的結果並非「社會正義」的實踐，而是「社會利益」的增加。本文稱此為「德福一致的弔詭」。

關鍵字

演化賽局；利他者；偽善者；社會利益；社會正義

並列摘要

This study applies Frank's evolutionary game model (1988), under the assumption that the payoff matrix is the type of Prisoner's Dilemma, to simulate the numbers and rewards of altruist and hypocrite. The results show: (1) In the long run the evolutionary game will reach a ＂break-even point＂. Altruists and hypocrites will both survive with a certain population ratio. (2) Reducing ＂the cost of identifying hypocrite＂ will increase the number of altruists in a society and will increase both altruists' and hypocrites' benefits. However, hypocrites' benefits will be higher than altruists'. It means the decrease of social justice. (3) Promoting altruism (increasing the number of altruists) will not only increase altruists' benefits, but also more hypocrites' benefits. Hence, altruism became a faith of no opponents. Everybody (altruist and hypocrite) ＂speaks＂ the good of altruism. (4) According to the results above, the present study leads to a new point of view to discuss the traditional concept of ＂Morality Reward Gain＂. ＂Morality Reward Gain＂ was supposed to be a faith of social justice (good is rewarded with good and evil meets evil). However, promoting the faith will decrease social justice (hypocrites' benefits will be higher than altruists'), but will increase the social benefit. This is called ＂the Paradox of Morality Reward Gain＂ in the study.

並列關鍵字

Evolutionary Game ； Altruist ； Hypocrites ； Social Benefit ； Social Justice

國際替代計量

利他與偽善的演化賽局分析：兼論「德福一致」信念的弔詭

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