從心流體驗探索優化運動員表現之競爭模型

Improving Athletes' Performance in Competitions from the Flow Experience-A Competing Model Approach

曾永平(Yung-Ping Tseng) ； 王伯宇(Po-Yu Wang) ； 蘇佑頡(You-Jie Su)

《國立臺灣體育運動大學學報》 9卷1期 (2020/01) Pp. 31-50

https://doi.org/10.3966/2226535X2020010901003

摘要

運動員的心態調適和整個團隊的合作默契，影響到每一場比賽的結果。以籃球運動為例，當球員的整體氣氛愉悅或技巧提升時，比賽獲勝的機率就高。透過籃球運動瞭解運動員的心流體驗，以及該體驗如何影響團隊信任與整體表現，亦探究團隊凝聚力與團隊整體表現矛盾的因果關係。在百貨公司的千人3對3籃球比賽中發放問卷，獲得355份有效問卷。研究結果顯示心流體驗的歷程為加深團隊運動員彼此信任與凝聚的基礎；然而，賽事最終的表現及對比賽的整體評價，卻深繫於比賽過程中的互助及對彼此球技的信任。團隊信任深植於心流體驗的歷程中，並成為優化運動員表現之重要因子。透過競爭模型的比較，本研究發現心流體驗影響團隊信任與團隊表現，而每一次團隊表現的好壞，則強化了團隊的整體凝聚能力。因此，比賽的結果不是終點，尤其在連續淘汰的高壓比賽環境之下，每一場比賽表現的好壞，均對團隊的凝聚力造成影響。本研究建議，除持續探究優化運動表現的因子之外，亦應針對其他心理的變數進行施測，以瞭解各變項動態循環間之關係。

關鍵字

團隊信任 ； 團隊整體表現 ； 競爭模型 ； 結構方程式

並列摘要

Athletes' psychological adjustment and team cohesion always lead to the pathway to success. In basketball, team performance is related to team trust and cooperation among team members. This study sought to understand athletes' flow experiences and how flow experiences influence team trust and final team performance. In addition, we tested the controversial causal effects between team cohesion and team performance. This study employed a convenient sampling method to collect data from the ＂FEDS Cup 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament＂ participants (n=355). Our findings suggest that the flow experience increases team trust and cohesion. However, the final performance is highly associated with team trust. Our findings supported that flow experiences in team sports facilitated the trust of the entire team and each team member. Ultimately, trust was proved to be the most important factor in improving athletes' performance in sport. Through the competing model approach, our results demonstrated that basketball players' affective cohesion, instrumental cohesion, and team trust were positively influenced by flow experiences. Furthermore, basketball players' ultimate team performance was strengthen by the team cohesion. We found that the successful team performance is not the end of the game. Contrarily, being in flow is the catalyst to excel over the competition and enhance team cohesion, especially under the high-pressure elimination series. We suggest including more socio-psychological indicators in understanding the continuing changing relationships among these athletes' multi-attributes.

並列關鍵字

team trust ； team performance ； competing model ； structural equation modeling

參考文獻

van den Hout, J., Gevers, J. M. P., Davis, O. C., & Weggeman, M. C. D. P. (2019). Developing and Testing the Team Flow Monitor (TFM). Cogent Psychology, 1643962. doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1643962

曹勝 雄、古璧 慎（ 2015）。遊憩者－遊憩環境契合度、情境涉入與心流之關係。體育學報， 48 (2)，205-219。

葉源 鎰（ 2007）。具心流體驗之高爾夫運動參與者之心流體驗, 休閒阻礙與遊憩精熟度之相關性研究。 戶外遊憩研究 ， 20(1)， 69-94。

Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317-332.

Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011). Flow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 442-450.